Relying on social comparison theory and the norm of reciprocity perspective, the present study aims to longitudinally investigate the specific relationships between relative leader–member exchange (RLMX) and relative organizational citizenship behavior (ROCB). We examined the potentially bidirectional relationship between these two constructs using data consisting of 1,420 time-lagged observations from 725 employees surveyed at multiple time points. Our results indicate that performing more helping behaviors than the group average (ROCB) leads to a subsequent higher quality of relationship with the leader compared to the group average (RLMX), above and beyond the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on RLMX. This effect is stronger than the reverse relationship (i.e., the effect of RLMX on ROCB, above and beyond the leader–member exchange). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Cet article examine les effets des configurations de LMX perçues par les employés qui interagissent avec des clients sur le climat de justice procédurale, sur le comportement de service orienté client et sur le montant dépensé par les clients. Les résultats basés sur des données multi-sources de 29 magasins, recueillies à six occasions (1 857 employés de première ligne et 20 524 clients) d’un grand détaillant canadien, mettent en évidence la nature paradoxale de la configuration LMX. Plus précisément, les employés des magasins avec une forte proportion de configuration LMX minoritaire, en comparaison aux unités avec une proportion plus élevée de configuration LMX égalitaire, tendent à expérimenter un plus faible niveau de climat de justice procédurale, mais à déployer paradoxalement plus de comportements de service orienté client et à engendrer des dépenses annuelles plus élevées de la part des clients. À l’inverse, les employés de magasins ayant une proportion plus élevée de configuration LMX fragmentée, en comparaison avec la configuration LMX égalitaire, tendent à afficher moins de comportements de service orienté client et de plus faibles dépenses annuelles des clients. Cette étude montre également que les configurations LMX perçues se répercutent sur le montant dépensé par les clients, par l’entremise du climat de justice et des comportements de service.
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has become a growing concern in recent years due to its great risks for public health. Nowadays dietary pattern has drawn considerable attention regarding the relationship between diet and diseases. In the present study we aimed at identifying major dietary patterns and their relationship to prediabetes.
Methods: In this case control study 5377 individuals (1335 people with prediabetes and 4042 controls) were recruited from Hoveizeh cohort study part of the Persian cohort study. A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect participants’ dietary intake, and major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Adherence to the patterns was divided in to quartiles and the relationship between dietary patterns and prediabetes was then assessed using logistic regression analysis. The correlation between patterns and components of lipid profile was also assessed by logistic regression.
Results: four major patterns were identified: 1) fruits and vegetables 2) traditional 3) Sweets and snacks 4) prudent. None of which was associated with prediabetes after adjusting for confounding factors. But fruits and vegetables pattern was associated with low HDL.c (fourth VS first quartile OR: 1.539, 95%CI: 1.094–2.164). Also prudent pattern was negatively associated with high LDL.c (fourth VS. first quartile OR: 0.769, 95%CI: 0.622–0.952)
Conclusion: although No significant association was found between identified dietary patterns and the risk of prediabetes, an association was found between fruits and vegetables pattern and low HDL.c in people with prediabetes due to high consumption of refined grains. There was also a negative association between prudent pattern and high LDL.c because of high amounts of olive oil and vegetable oil and low intake of hydrogenated oil and animal fat.
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