ABTRACT: The “llachu” (Elodea potamogeton) is an aquatic plant from Lake Titicaca, food for the cattle of the circumlacustrine ring. Some areas of the lake have been eutrophied by pollution; even so, the plant grows. Being one of the survival mechanisms, the symbiotic interaction with microorganisms, the objective of the study was to isolate and molecularly characterize some endophytic bacteria of the plant. For isolation, the samples were washed and disinfected with 70% alcohol, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and 80% Tween; then, it was homogenized and an aliquot seeded in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, three strains were chosen to be reseeded on solid LB agar. From the pure strains, DNA was extracted with the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture, quantifying by spectrophotometry. The 16S rDNA gene was amplified by PCR; amplicons were submitted to Functional Biosciences Inc. in the United States for sequencing. The sequences were edited with BioEdit 7.0.0 and similar sequences were chosen with BLASTn from GenBank, to perform multiple alignment of sequences with Clustal W. To determine evolutionary relationships, MEGA7 was used, constructing phylogenetic trees by the Neighbor-Joining method. Molecular analysis shows that the Sample10ped strain corresponds to Pantoea sp. with an identity greater than 76%; the Sample11pe strain to Pseudomonas sp. with 100% identity; and, to the strain Sample12ped to Raoultella terrígena sp. or Klebsiella sp. with an identity of 99%. The sequences of the last two were registered in GenBank, whose accessions are SUB4288247 and SUB4252655. Keywords: Endophytic bacteria, Elodea potamogeton, 16S rDNA gene, phylogeny
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a prolonged fast (5 days) on some blood biochemical components involved in energy metabolism. Twenty male alpacas of two-year-old were used in two treatments (experimental and control). Blood samples were taken in the morning for five days to quantify serum glucose, protein and urea levels by spectrophotometry and ketone bodies using semiquantitative test strips. The results show that the average of glucose, protein and urea of the alpacas subjected to fasting are different from the control group (P≤0.05). Glucose levels decrease while protein and urea levels increase over time. The presence of acetoacetate was not detected during the five days of fasting. It is concluded that prolonged fasting in alpacas alters the animal's metabolic process, both quantitatively and qualitatively, modifying the substrates and products involved in energy production.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las constantes hematológicas de la serie roja y blanca del suri (Rhea pennata) en cautiverio en el altiplano peruano, considerando, además, las variables sexo y edad. La toma de muestras se hizo en 28 individuos del Centro de Rescate Lupaca, provincia El Collao, región Puno, Perú, a 4530 msnm. Las aves fueron 14 hembras y 14 machos, correspondiente a siete juveniles (12-23 meses) y siete adultos (más de 24 meses) en cada caso. Los animales estaban aparentemente sanos y las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron en ayunas en horas de la mañana por punción en la vena axilar. El conteo de eritrocitos y leucocitos se determinó utilizando el hemocitómetro de Neubauer, la solución de Natt-Herrick y frotis sanguíneo teñido con colorante Wrigth, el hematocrito mediante el microhematocrito, y la hemoglobina por espectrofotometría mediante el método de cianometahemoglobina. Los valores hematológicos entre hembras y machos fueron similares. El hematocrito hallado en juveniles fue mayor en 10%, los heterófilos en más de 5% y linfocitos en 8% con respecto a los adultos (p<0.05), mientras que los monocitos y eosinófilos fueron 5 y 9% mayores, respectivamente, en adultos (p<0.05).
An effective concentration of toltrazuril to prophylactics in the control of eimerias and determine the prophylactic dose against eimerias species was evaluated in cria alpacas of the La Raya research center in Cusco Peru. Fifty cria alpacas of 3-4 months of age. distributed in 5 groups of 10 animals each: G1 treated with 15 mg/kg of live weight (LW) of toltrazuril orally (VO), G2 with 18.7 mg/kg BW/PO, G3 with 22.5 mg/kg, G4 with 30 mg/kg and G5 without any dosage (control group). All dosage was given orally. Fecal analysis was performed using the modified McMaster technique at time 0 ad seven days later. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Fisher test was done to determine statistical significance. The results indicate that using toltrazuril 15 mg/kg BW and 18.7 mg/kg BW, only small species such as Eimeria punoensis E. alpacae and E. lamae are controlled, but not the large species (E. macusaniensis) and with 22.5 and 30 mg/kg LW, in addition to controlling small species, the elimination of E. macusaniensis oocysts is also significantly reduced (p≤0.05). It is concluded that the prophylactic doses to control eimerias in baby alpacas is 22.5 and 30 mg/kg BW, with a single oral application, which manages to control the four species registered in this work.
An effective concentration of toltrazuril to prophylactics in the control of eimerias and determine the prophylactic dose against eimerias species was evaluated in cria alpacas of the La Raya research center in Cusco Peru. Fifty cria alpacas of 3-4 months of age. distributed in 5 groups of 10 animals each: G1 treated with 15 mg/kg of live weight (LW) of toltrazuril orally (VO), G2 with 18.7 mg/kg BW/PO, G3 with 22.5 mg/kg, G4 with 30 mg/kg and G5 without any dosage (control group). All dosage was given orally. Fecal analysis was performed using the modified McMaster technique at time 0 ad seven days later. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Fisher test was done to determine statistical significance. The results indicate that using toltrazuril 15 mg/kg BW and 18.7 mg/kg BW, only small species such as Eimeria punoensis E. alpacae and E. lamae are controlled, but not the large species (E. macusaniensis) and with 22.5 and 30 mg/kg LW, in addition to controlling small species, the elimination of E. macusaniensis oocysts is also significantly reduced (p≤0.05). It is concluded that the prophylactic doses to control eimerias in baby alpacas is 22.5 and 30 mg/kg BW, with a single oral application, which manages to control the four species registered in this work.
El objetivo fue aislar y caracterizar molecularmente bacterias endofíticas del "llachu", planta acuática del Lago Titicaca que sobrevive en ambientes hipereutrofizados. Para el aislamiento, las muestras fueron desinfectadas en alcohol 70%, hipoclorito de sodio 0,5% y Tween 80%; luego, se homogenizaron y una alícuota sembrada en medio Luria-Bertani (LB). Se eligieron tres cepas para su resembrado en agar LB sólido. De las cepas puras, se extrajo DNA con la mezcla fenol-cloroformo-alcohol isoamílico. Se amplificó el gen 16S rDNA por PCR; los amplicones se remitieron para su secuenciamiento. Las secuencias se editaron con BioEdit 7.0.0 y se eligieron secuencias similares con BLASTn del GenBank, se hizo el alineamiento múltiple de secuencias con Clustal W. Para las relaciones evolutivas se utilizó el MEGA7 construyéndose árboles filogenéticos por el método de Neighbor-Joining. El análisis molecular demuestra que la cepa Sample10ped corresponde a Pantoea sp. con una identidad superior al 76%; la cepa Sample11pe a Pseudomonas sp. con un 100% de identidad; y, a la cepa Sample12ped a Raoultella terrigena sp. o Klebsiella sp. con una identidad de 99%. Las secuencias de las dos últimas, fueron registradas en el GenBank.
Las enfermedades neoplásicas afectan notoriamente la salud de los ovinos y por tanto, la rentabilidad de la crianza de esta especie. Con la finalidad de realizar un estudio macro y microscópico de dos casos de cáncer abdominal, se tomó una borrega (caso 1) procedente del distrito de Umachiri, provincia de Melgar, zona norte del departamento de Puno y otra borrega (caso 2) procedente del distrito de Laraqueri, provincia de Puno, zona sur oeste del mismo departamento; ambas zonas pertenecen al sector peruano de la meseta del Collao. Los dos especímenes se encontraban padeciendo de enfermedad crónica caquectizante sin respuesta a ningún esquema terapéutico. Las dos borregas se recibieron como casos patológicos a estudiarse en el Curso de Patología Veterinaria General de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ) de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno (UNAP). Ambos animales fueron sacrificados por eutanasia utilizando pentobarbital sódico. Se hizo la necropsia de ambos casos en el Laboratorio de Patología macroscópica de la FMVZ, UNAP, se tomaron muestras para el estudio microscópico; las muestras se procesaron en el Laboratorio de Histopatología de la mencionada facultad. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: macroscópicamente, en la cavidad abdominal del caso 1, se observó numerosos nódulos blanquecinos de diferentes tamaños, bordes irregulares, firmes al tacto e invadiendo tejidos adyacentes incluyendo ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos; en el mesenterio del caso 2, se observó un solo nódulo blanquecino de consistencia firme, con bordes muy irregulares, invadiendo algunas asas intestinales cercanas; microscópicamente, en ambos casos se observó tejido fibroso anaplásico, conformado por fibroblastos pleomórficos, atípicos y algunos se observaron multinucleados; en el caso 1, además, se constataron numerosos focos necróticos en proceso de calcificación. Estos hallazgos macroscópicos de lesiones nodulares pálidos, de forma irregular, firmes al tacto y resistentes al corte; que al examinarlas microscópicamente se observó tejido fibroso pobremente diferenciado, en estos dos casos estudiados, permiten concluir que corresponden a fibrosarcoma, siendo el caso 1, de carácter terminal.
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