HIS paper analyzes the cultures and proverbs of three rural districts in T pre-revolutionary Russia. It seeks to identify the attitudes and psychodynamic features most prominent in these regions, and to examine the interrelations of these attitudes and features with other cultural segments. We chose the genre of proverbs for this specific goal because proverbs, a cultural element common not only throughout European Russia but also most of the Old World, offer the possibility of wide cross-cultural comparisons. Also, the varied subject matter and terseness of Russian proverbs facilitate sampling a rather wide cultural spectrum. Ubiquitous in Russian folk speech, and held by the peasant to be a guide to accepted behavior,* proverbs are more likely to represent the viewpoints and expressions current in given communities than individual inventions or preferences. Furthermore, the absence of organic ties between different proverbs and of strictly prescribed forms permit constant modifications in cdntent and style (Sokolov: 258-280). Therefore, proverbs are more apt to reflect local, living attitudes and psychodynamically expressive features than other, more rigid genres. Finally, proverb collections of statistically useable size (over 300), presented in structurally accurate (though phonetically approximate) renderings, are available from a fair number of localities.As a guide to the world view of Russian peasants, proverbs are subject to three limitations. First, they are obviously biased toward the common viewpoint of the adult males. The women's viewpoints emerge more clearly in other genres, e.g., tasluSKi (a type of social song), wedding laments, and lullabies. For such sub-groups as the professional story tellers and the beggars the pertinent special genres must be studied (esp. Sokolov: 371-498). Second, political and moral censorship have suppressed the peasant's fondness for obscenity, and his attitudes toward the Crown, the established church, and religious sectarianism to varying degrees in different proverb collections. (Andreyev gives some data on the pre-revolutionary political censorship of folklore in Russia.) Third, since no reliable evidence on the locally-accepted, implicit connotations of proverbs has been found, the analysis has dealt solely with explicit meaning. CULTURAL FEATURES OF THE THREE REGIONSThe proverbs analyzed came from Kadnikov Uyezd (59" N 40" E, east of Vologda) in 1857, Kholmogory and Pinega Uyezdy (64" 15' N 41" 40' E to 64" 40' N 43" 25' E, southeast of Arkhangel'sk) in 1864-69, and the Saguny freehold in Ostrogozhsk Uyezd (50" 35' N 39" 30' E. south of Voronezh) in 1903 (Popov; Yefimenko 1877-78; Yakovlev). These districts provide a 329 330 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [SS, 1953 considerable dispersion both in space and time; hence, a certain sampling of the variety of Russian peasant cultures. The principal cultural traits common to the three regions at or close to the times when the proverbs were taken appear to have been the following: all had sedentary populations primarily ...
For years many companies have wondered how to create a true trust between their managers and collaborators, which benefits both parties and leads organizations to reach the top places in their business as a result of this relationship. But this directivecollaborative relationship has many aspects that must be taken into account to understand how different characteristics of human beings influence the results of the organization. The generation of trust may depend on factors surrounding the managerial-collaborative relationship, such as organizational climate and leadership, competencies and managerial virtues, emotional intelligence, and self-confidence. Which will be analyzed to understand how these variables influence this employment relationship. The finances are influenced by trust, as they are the reflection of the work between managers-collaborators, and if these two improve their relationship this will be reflected in the profits of a company, since every organization must first function internally and then externally with the clients, Richard Brandson, creator of the virgin group, one of the most prestigious groups of companies in the world, said in an interview that if you take care of your employees, they will take care of your clients (Cárdenas, 2015).
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