descriptive statistics. Results: 2303 cases of breast cancer in woman were registered on these cities. The average age of women with a breast cancer diagnosis was 55 years, and pertaining relationship status, a little over 42% fitted the not single category, and over 43% had no data. About the skin color, 37.06% were white and over 39% had not filled this variable on the record. About the tumor aspects related to the disease's extension, we identified that in over 48% of the cases the tumors were classified as localized, over 23% as regional and only 4.23% as distant. About the tumor's side, over 33% had no information, 31.04% were located at the right side and 33.40% at the left side. About the tumor's type most cases, 85.5%, were invasive ductal carcinoma, 4.6% ductal carcinoma in situ, 2.6% invasive lobular carcinoma and only 0.30% lobular carcinoma in situ. 106 cases had no information about the tumor's type. Conclusion: This study's goal was a better comprehension about this disease's effect on the patients: it's evolution, association with risk factors, presence of metastasis and mortality.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is one of the worst agricultural weeds and invasive species in the world, being widely established in many countries. Despite its impact on agriculture and the growing awareness of authorities and consumers about the consequences of synthetic herbicides, alternative control methods for this weed have been poorly reviewed. A systematic review of the literature published over the last 50 years was used to assess the most studied control methods of C. dactylon (excluding synthetic herbicides) and to summarize the trends and knowledge gaps. The major findings are as follows: (1) the number of publications that studied alternative methods to synthetic chemical control in C. dactylon management has been increasing exponentially since 1972; (2) most of the studies were made under controlled conditions (57%) and lack observations under real production conditions; (3) most of the field experiments were carried out in Asia (42%), under temperate subtropical and arid climates; (4) the publication of articles studying allelopathy stands out significantly (50% of the papers found), with two species from the Poaceae family, rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), showing very high allelopathic inhibitory effects (often above 80%), especially under open field conditions; and (5) preventive soil tillage is the most studied treatment among indirect weed control treatments, and although there is a high risk of propagation, the results indicate that tillage can significantly contribute to control C. dactylon, when compared to no-tillage treatments. Further research is needed to optimize treatments and methods so that they can be applied by farmers under real production conditions.
Objective: To compare the incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Europe and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in 2012. Methodology: An ecological analytical study carried out by the interpretation of the data available on the GLOBOCAN platform, concerning the incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Europe and in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in 2012. Results: In Latin America and the Caribbean, the incidence of breast cancer, in absolute numbers, is 152,059, while the mortality rate is 43,208. In Europe, the incidence is higher, 458,718, with a mortality of 131,347. Incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe than in Latin America and the Caribbean: the incidence rate in the former is 119.5 / 100. 000 inhabitants and in the second it is 49.8 / 100.000 inhabitants, while the mortality rate in the former is 34.2 / 100,000 inhabitants, while in the latter it is only 14.1 / 100,000 inhabitants. If, on the other hand, we compare the incidence / mortality in women, by age group, in both regions, we can conclude that these data are always higher in the group aged 40 years or older. In Europe, the incidence of breast cancer in women aged 40 years or older is 94.55%, while mortality in the same group represents 97.8% of the total. On the other hand, the incidence of breast cancer in Latin American and Caribbean women aged 40 years or older is 89.4%, while mortality in this age group corresponds to 92.9% of the total. Conclusion: Breast cancer accounts for 25 percent of all breast cancer cases in the world and is also the leading cause of cancer-related death in this population, according to the WHO. In Latin America, it is the second leading cause of death among women. Although developed regions have higher incidence rates, an overall increase in the incidence of breast cancer is seen each year as a result of encouraging screening and early diagnosis, two strategies that seek to reduce the mortality rates of the disease. However, less developed countries have lower survival rates due to late diagnosis, as well as lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment. Thus, despite the highest incidence rates in developed countries, almost 50% of all cases are in less developed countries, which account for about 58% of deaths (GLOBOCAN 2008).
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