Mo.ra.xel'la. N.L. dim. fem. n. Moraxella , named after V. Morax, a Swiss ophthalmologist who pioneered the recognition of the type species. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Moraxellaceae / Moraxella Moraxella species are Gram‐negative rods or cocci but often with a tendency to resist decolorization. The rods are often very short and plump, frequently approaching a coccus shape (1.0–1.5 × 1.5–1.5 μm); they usually occur in pairs and short chains. Variation in cell size, shape, and filament or chain formation is often seen in cultures, the pleomorphism being enhanced by lack of oxygen and by incubation temperatures above the optimum. The cocci are usually smaller (0.6–1.0 μm in diameter) and occur as single cells or in pairs; sometimes results in the formation of tetrads. Flagella are absent. Both coccal and rod‐shaped species can be fimbriated. Absence of swimming motility, but surface‐bound “twitching motility” has been observed in some rod‐shaped species. Aerobic, but some species can grow weakly under anaerobic conditions. May be encapsulated. Chemoorganotrophic. Most species are nutritionally fastidious, and all grow in complex media; some are stimulated significantly by fatty acids (bile salts and Tween 80). The optimal temperature for growth is between 33 and 35°C. Colonies are not pigmented. Oxidase‐positive. Usually catalase‐positive. No acid is produced from carbohydrates. Species of this genus share 96–99% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The major fatty acids in most species are C 18 :1 ω9 c and C 16:1 ω7 c . The major quinone is Q‐8. Members of the class Gammaproteobacteria and family Moraxellaceae . Parasitic on the mucous membranes of humans and other warm‐blooded animals. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 40–48.1 ( T m , Bd, HPLC). Type species : Moraxella lacunata Lwoff 1939 AL , synonym: “ Bacillus lacunatus ” Eyre 1900.
Mo.ra.xel.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n . Moraxella , type genus of the family; suff. ‐aceae , ending to denote family ; N.L. fem. pl. n . Moraxellaceae , the family of Moraxella . Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Moraxellaceae Cells are rod shaped, coccoid, or coccal or may exhibit a characteristic multicellular micromorphology. Cells usually occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aerobically or facultatively anaerobic. Endospores are not observed. The cells are not motile in liquid media, but surface‐bound motility may be observed. Capsules and fimbriae may be present. Chemoorganotrophic. Psychrophilic or mesophilic. Most members are catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. The fatty acid profiles show the presence of mainly unbranched, saturated, and mono‐ or diunsaturated fatty acids with predominantly 16 and 18 carbon atoms. DNA G + C content ranges from 35 to 66 mol%. The family comprises the genera Moraxella , Acinetobacter , Psychrobacter , Enhydrobacter , Alkanindiges , Perlucidibaca , Paraperlucidibaca , Agitococcus , Faucicola , Fluviicoccus , Clavicella , and Aquirhabdus . Most members are considered saprophytes of little clinical significance, while a few species represent important infectious agents. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 35–66. Type genus : Moraxella Lwoff 1939 AL (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Henriksen and Bøvre 1968.
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