Childbirth is one of the most important experiences in the world of life, which women and their families have experienced for a long time without the intervention of techniques and without the presence of people who were not part of their world. The technical and scientific reasons inherent in the field of labor and birth began to occupy the space of the objectification of the world's facts and rationality started to prevail. Moving back to the origins of the technicalization of childbirth care, this article intends to discuss the reduction of labor to a clinical process focused on its purely biological dimension. Its inspiring base is Husserl's phenomenological philosophy, the mathematization of nature and technicalization of our relationship with the world, in order to expand perspectives beyond the health techniques, understand intersubjectivity and rescue human dignity.
In this paper, I start with the opposition between the Husserlian project of a phenomenology of the experience of time, started in 1905, and the mathematical and physical theory of time as it comes out of Einstein's special theory of relativity in the same year. Although the contrast between the two approaches is apparent, my aim is to show that the original program of Husserl's time theory is the constitution of an objective time and a time of the world, starting from the intuitive giveness of time, i.e., from time as it appears. To show this, I stress the structural similarity between Husserl's original question of time and the problem of a phenomenology of space constitution as it was first developed in the his manuscripts from the nineteenth century, in which we find the threefold question of the origin of our representation of space, of the geometrization of intuitive space, and of the constitution of transcendent world space. Finally, I reconsider some of Husserl's main theses about the phenomenological constitution of objective time in light of the main results of special relativity time-theory, introducing several corrections to central assumptions that underlie Husserl's theory of time.Supposez qu'on ait été phénoménologiste dès l'Antiquité. Je vous pose cette question: est-ce que notre science existerait? -E. Bréhier to Merleau-Ponty 1 Introductory Remarks About Physical and Phenomenological Time 1905 was the year of a remarkable coincidence, though it has been kept completely quiet until today. This silence somehow contains in itself a whole symptomatology.
In the first part of this paper we try to show how the discussion of Meinong’s distinction between distributed and undistributed objects was crucial for Husserl’s thinking about the phenomenology of time consciousness. The criticism of Meinong’s thesis that the representation of a distributed object (temporal object) is an undistributed act is presented as the central point for the development of Husserl’s own thesis about the perception as a continuum of continua and about consciousness as an unitary flux of temporal phases. In a second part, we move to Brentano’s theory about original associations in the constitution of the “presence-time”. Brentano’s position about the function of phantasy as the origin of our representation of time is refused by Husserl and, as a result, the structural composition of time consciousness in phases of primal-impression, fresh memory (later “retention”) and immediate expectation (later “protention”) appears as the core form to the intuition of the present and the constitution of time. In a last section, we follow Husserl’s revision of his own analysis of fresh memory in order to understand his final position about retention as a primitive form of Vergegenwärtigung.
ResumenEn este ensayo intento hablar de varias tesis de Husserl relativas al concepto de norma y de ciencia normativa. Confrontando a Husserl con la teoría de la norma de Wundt, con la tesis acerca de la justicia de Kelsen y con la afirmación de Schmitt de que los conceptos modernos de pensamiento político son conceptos teológicos secularizados, trato de mostrar lo que el pensamiento de Husserl tiene que decir acerca de todos estos temas. Finalmente, hablo de varios problemas acerca del propio concepto de norma a la luz de la distinción de Searle entre reglas regulativas y reglas constitutivas. AbstractIn this paper I try to discuss several theses by Husserl regarding the concept of norm and normative science. Confronting Husserl with Wundt's theory of norm, with Kelsen's thesis about justice, and with Schmitt contention that the modern concepts of political thinking are theological secularized concepts, I intent to show what Husserl's thought as to say about all these issues. Finally I discuss several problems about the very concept of norm in light of Searle's distinction between regulative and constitutive rules.
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