The risk of PCP in kidney transplant recipients is related to the number and type of rejection treatments. It is also related to the occurrence of CMV infection, and to other immunomodulating infections such as TB and hepatitis C, and might also be increased with the use of newer and more potent immunosuppressive agents. Primary prophylaxis failure may occur in association with some of these risk factors.

Adult renal transplant recipients at risk for SCs can be identified by age, DGF, graft vessel and recipient atheromatosis, difficult bench surgery, obesity, rejection and the use of antiplatelet drugs and rapamycin.

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Spanish medical students have a favourable attitude towards xenotransplantation. This willingness and interest could be a decisive platform for the development and strengthening of research, both for centres with a pre-clinical xenotransplantation programme and new healthcare centres.

Spanish medical students generally have a favourable attitude towards organ donation, although 20% are not in favour.

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been associated with several comorbidities and can cause significant loss of quality of life and self-esteem. Aim In men with ED, to use the validated Self-Esteem and Relationship (SEAR) questionnaire to evaluate changes in self-esteem associated with sildenafil treatment of ED and to assess changes dependent on concomitant comorbid conditions. Methods This was a 14-week, international, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, flexible-dose (25, 50, or 100 mg), placebo-controlled study of sildenafil in men aged ≥18 years with a clinical diagnosis of ED (score ≤ 21 on the Sexual Health Inventory for Men). Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the change in the SEAR Self-Esteem subscale score from baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes were the change in SEAR component scores stratified by ED comorbidity, the change in the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domain scores and in the intercourse success rate, and the response to the global efficacy assessment and to the global satisfaction assessment. Results A total of 841 patients were included in the intent-to-treat efficacy analysis (559 sildenafil, 282 placebo). Patients randomized to sildenafil had significantly greater change scores from baseline to the end of treatment on all components of the SEAR and all domains of the IIEF (P < 0.0001) compared with placebo. This finding was also consistent for all SEAR components when stratified by each ED comorbidity. In the sildenafil group, the improvement in the mean Self-Esteem subscale score correlated with improvements in the mean Erectile Function domain score (r = 0.6338, P < 0.0001). Conclusions The physiologic and emotional benefits of sildenafil in the treatment of ED were confirmed, overall and in men with comorbid hypertension, hyperlipidemia, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and/or depression. Using both the IIEF and the SEAR questionnaires provides a more complete assessment of ED.

Sixty-seven percent of medical students know the concept of brain death, and knowledge improved as they advanced in their degree.

This operative technique respects the anatomical structure of the foot and produces good clinical and radiographic results.