The menopausal status is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Since the post-menopausal modifications have not been clearly investigated in obese women, we evaluated the influences of menopausal status on anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical characteristics in selected groups of normal-weight and obese women. We studied 92 female outpatients: 24 normal-weight pre-menopausal (Pre-NW) [body mass index (BMI) 23.6 +/- 0.48, age 44.8 +/- 0.68], 24 normal-weight post-menopausal (Post-NW) (BMI 23.7 +/- 0.44, age 55.5 +/- 0.69), 24 obese pre-menopausal (pre-OB) (BMI 32.3 +/- 0.45, age 44.6 +/- 0.75), 20 obese post-menopausal women (Post-OB) (BMI 32.9 +/- 0.57, age 55.2 +/- 0.82). All the subjects were non smokers and free from hypertension, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Anthropometric parameters, body composition, 17 beta-estradiol, LH, FSH, androstenedione, SHBG, testosterone and leptin were determined. Free androgen index (FAI) and insulin resistance index (HOMA) were calculated. In comparison with Pre-OB, Post-OB had higher values of waist circumferences (p < 0.02), while Post-NW showed no difference. Total and LDL-cholesterol were high in Post-NW women, whereas in the obese subjects they were already elevated in the premenopausal period. SHBG levels declined and FAI increased in Post-OB in comparison with Pre-OB. SHBG levels showed an inverse correlation with BMI, waist and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), while FAI positively correlated with waist values. Serum leptin levels were higher in Post-OB than in Pre-OB, whereas they were similar in normal-weight women. The rise of leptin levels may be related to the greater abdominal fat deposition. In addition, menopausal status of uncomplicated obese women is associated with a greater abdominal fat deposition and with higher values of free androgen index, which may be considered as factors of cardiovascular risk.
Fecha de recepción: Enero 2007 • Fecha de aceptación: Junio 2007 RESUMENEl presente trabajo se enmarca en el proceso de dar validez y fiabilidad a un protocolo de test que sirva para el control de la velocidad del remate a nivel de entrenamiento e investigación. El trabajo tiene dos objetivos: a) comprobar la validez del radar al registrar la velocidad del balón en el remate, y b) establecer la distancia de ubicación del radar respecto a la red, que permita obtener datos fiables de la velocidad máxima del balón en el remate. Se realizó un doble estudio para conseguir los objetivos de la investigación. Veinticuatro jugadoras de superliga participaron en el primer estudio, y cuatro jugadoras de superliga participaron en el segundo estudio. En el primer estudio, la velocidad del balón en el remate se midió con el radar y con análisis fotogramétrico a partir de la filmación realizada. Los datos obtenidos muestran una correlación de 0,98 entre los registros tomados por el radar y los obtenidos del análisis fotogramétrico. En el segundo estudio, el radar se ubicó a cuatro, cinco, seis y siete metros de distancia de la red para registrar las velocidades imprimidas al balón en la ejecución del remate. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la ubicación ideal del radar para registrar la velocidad del remate debe ser a una distancia de 5 metros de la red. Esta ubicación fue la que presentó mayor estabilidad de los registros, medias de velocidades más altas y menor coeficiente de variación. ABSTRACTThe present study is one step in establishing of validity and reliability of way of doing the measurement of the speed ball in practice and research studies. The purpose of this study was double: 1) to check the reliability of the speed registration and 2) to establish the adequate localization of the radar with respect to the net. A double study was done to achieve the objectives of the study. Twenty-four female players from professional Spanish first division participated in the first study and four female players from professional Spanish first division participated in the second study. In the first study, the ball speed was measured with a gun radar and a photogrametric analysis from the record done. The results obtained show a correlation of 0.98 between the data of the results that were obtained with the radar and the photometric analysis. In the second study, the radar was localized to four, five, six, and seven meters from the net. The results obtained show that the radar should be localized five meters from the net. This localization presented higher stabilization, higher speed average, and less coefficient of variation.
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