The detection of lymph node metastasis affects the management of patients with primary breast cancer significantly in terms of staging, treatment, and prognosis. The main goal for the radiologist is to determine and detect the presence of metastatic disease in nonpalpable axillary lymph nodes with a positive predictive value that is high enough to initially select patients for upfront axillary lymph node dissection. Features that are suggestive of axillary adenopathy may be seen with different imaging modalities, but ultrasound is the method of choice for evaluating axillary lymph nodes and for performing image-guided lymph node interventions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the available imaging modalities for lymph node assessment in patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer. The Oncologist 2020;25:e231-e242Implications for Practice: The detection of lymph node metastasis affects the management of patients with primary breast cancer. The main goal for the radiologist is to detect lymph node metastasis in patients to allow for the selection of patients who should undergo upfront axillary lymph node dissection. Features that are suggestive of axillary adenopathy may be seen with mammography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, but ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice for evaluating axillary lymph nodes. A normal axillary lymph node is characterized by a reniform shape, a maximal cortical thickness of 3 mm without focal bulging, smooth margins, and, depending on size, a discernable central fatty hilum.The Oncologist 2020;25:e231-e242 www.TheOncologist.com Breast Cancer Figure 7. Radiomics workflow. Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature, from Han et al., Radiomic nomogram for prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. European Radiology 2019;7:3820-3829 [76].
In this study, the role of native plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bio-inoculants was assessed as an alternative to ameliorate Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill. growth in nursery comparing poorer (soil) versus richer (compost) substrates. Twelve rhizospheric strains isolated from yerba mate plantations were evaluated in vitro for their potential as PGPRs. Three isolates, identified as Kosakonia radicincitans YD4, Rhizobium pusense YP3, and Pseudomonas putida YP2, were selected on the basis of their N 2 fixation activity, IAA-like compound and siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization. A highly significant positive effect of bio-inoculation with the native isolates was observed in 5-month-old seedlings cultivated in soil. The highest increase was observed in seedlings inoculated with K. radicincitans YD4 with an increase of 183 % in the dry shoot weight and a 30 % increase in shoot N content. In contrast, in compost, no increment in the dry weight was observed; however, an increase in content in some macronutrients in shoots was observed. Remarkably, when plant biomass was compared between soil and compost, seedlings inoculated with K. radicincitans YD4 in soil produced the highest yields, even though higher yields could be expected in compost due to the richness of this substrate. In conclusion, bio-inoculation of yerba mate seedlings with native PGPR increases the yield of this crop in nursery and could represent a promising sustainable strategy to improve yerba mate growth in low-fertility soils.
The present study was intended to gain additional information on the growth regulation of prostate by somatostatin (SRIF) and the intracellular events involved. The human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP produce SRIF and express subtypes 2 and 5 of SRIF receptors. The secretion of SRIF is related to the proliferative status of these cells; an inverse relationship exists between cell proliferation and the amount of secreted SRIF. Moreover, the growth of PC-3 cells is inhibited by SRIF overexpression and increased by blockage of endogenous SRIF. Coincident with the increase in SRIF secretion, the activity and levels of the SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1, present in PC-3 cells are augmented, but the effect can be partially prevented by neutralization of secreted endogenously SRIF. The activity of SHP-1 is also stimulated by the SRIF analog RC160. Overexpression of SHP-1 induces inhibition of PC-3 cell growth. SHP-1 is also present in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and well differentiated adenocarcinoma. In contrast, no signal is detected in poorly differentiated prostate cancer. These findings demonstrate that SRIF inhibits PC-3 and LNCaP cell proliferation through an autocrine/paracrine SRIF loop. This effect could be mediated by activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 detected in these cells as well as in human prostate and prostate cancer.
The present study was intended to gain additional information on the growth regulation of prostate by somatostatin (SRIF) and the intracellular events involved. The human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP produce SRIF and express subtypes 2 and 5 of SRIF receptors. The secretion of SRIF is related to the proliferative status of these cells; an inverse relationship exists between cell proliferation and the amount of secreted SRIF. Moreover, the growth of PC-3 cells is inhibited by SRIF overexpression and increased by blockage of endogenous SRIF. Coincident with the increase in SRIF secretion, the activity and levels of the SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1, present in PC-3 cells are augmented, but the effect can be partially prevented by neutralization of secreted endogenously SRIF. The activity of SHP-1 is also stimulated by the SRIF analog RC160. Overexpression of SHP-1 induces inhibition of PC-3 cell growth. SHP-1 is also present in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and well differentiated adenocarcinoma. In contrast, no signal is detected in poorly differentiated prostate cancer. These findings demonstrate that SRIF inhibits PC-3 and LNCaP cell proliferation through an autocrine/paracrine SRIF loop. This effect could be mediated by activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 detected in these cells as well as in human prostate and prostate cancer.
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