Parasites are common in modern ecosystems and are also known from the fossil record. One of the best preserved and easily recognisable examples of parasitism in the fossil record concerns isopod-induced swellings in the branchial chamber of marine decapod crustaceans. However, very limited quantitative data on the variability of infestation percentages at the species, genus, and family levels are available. Here we provide this type of data for a mid-Cretaceous (upper Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian) reef setting at Koskobilo, northern Spain, on the basis of 874 specimens of anomurans and brachyurans. Thirty-seven specimens (4.2%), arranged in ten species, are infested. Anomurans are more heavily infested than brachyurans, variability can be high within genera, and a relationship may exist between the number of specimens and infestation percentage per taxon, possibly suggesting host-specificity. We have also investigated quantitative patterns of infestation through geological time based on 88 infested species (25 anomurans, 55 brachyurans, seven lobsters, and one shrimp), to show that the highest number of infested species can be found in the Late Jurassic, also when corrected for the unequal duration of epochs. The same Late Jurassic peak is observed for the percentage of infested decapod species per epoch. This acme is caused entirely by infested anomurans and brachyurans. Biases (taphonomic and otherwise) and causes of variability with regard to the Koskobilo assemblage and infestation patterns through time are discussed. Finally, a new ichnogenus and -species, Kanthyloma crusta, are erected to accommodate such swellings or embedment structures (bioclaustrations).

Abundant fossil material of extinct brachyurans has revealed morphological details hitherto rarely used inpalaeontological studies. Detailed comparisons between extant and extinct material have been carried out, with anemphasis on thoracic sternum, abdomen and appendages. Documented for the first time is the unique character ofRaninoidea De Haan, 1839, their ‘gymnopleurity’, which is not found in their predecessors, the PalaeocorystidaeLőrenthey in Lőrenthey & Beurlen, 1929. Palaeocorystidae, together with four other families (CamarocarcinidaeFeldmann, Li & Schweitzer, 2008; Cenomanocarcinidae Guinot, Vega & Van Bakel, 2008; Necrocarcinidae Förster, 1968emend.; and Orithopsidae Schweitzer, Feldmann, Fam, Hessin, Hetrick, Nyborg & Ross, 2003a emend.), is assigned hereto the superfamily Palaeocorystoidea, of similar rank to Raninoidea. Both Raninoidea and Palaeocorystoidea are affordeda subsection rank and referred to as subsection Raninoidia De Haan, 1839 emend. New or emended diagnoses areprovided for all higher taxonomic levels, and all members of Raninoidia are listed in an appendix. A unique abdominalholding structure, the double peg, is described for the first time. Its gradual evolution is documented and the phylogeneticimplications are discussed. Comparative morphology of the thoracic sternum, abdominal holding structures, the sternum-pterygostome configuration, respiratory physiology and spermathecae, all reveal polarities of the raninoidian clade. Theconfiguration of the sternum with the pterygostome, which is related to body strength and respiratory physiologicalefficiency, differs significantly between the two superfamilies, Raninoidea showing a derived condition. An evolutionarylineage, leading from Palaeocorystidae, via Lyreididae to Raninidae is recognised, and an intermediate form, Marylyreiduspunctatus n. comb., is discussed. Several hitherto unknown structures in extant raninoids, an obstruction system for theabdomen and a telson protection valve, are documented. The cryptic spermathecal apertures of raninoids, so far barelyunderstood, are re-examined and compared to those of palaeocorystoids. The phylogeny of Podotremata, often debated inthe recent literature, is discussed anew on the basis of these observations. A position of Raninoidea within Eubrachyura,recently claimed by several authors, cannot be maintained, an observation supported by documentation of the basalcondition of Raninoidia. A new basal lyreidid clade, Marylyreidinae n. subfam., is erected, whereas new genera andspecies include Antonioranina n. gen. (Cyrtorhininae), Bournelyreidus teodorii n. gen., n. sp. (Lyreidinae), Cenocorystesbretoni n. sp. (Palaeocorystidae), Cenomanocarcinus cantabricus n. sp. (Cenomanocarcinidae), Eosymethis aragonensisn. gen., n. sp. (Symethinae), Eucorystes iserbyti n. sp., Eucorystes navarrensis n. sp. (both Palaeocorystidae),Ferroranina tamilnadu n. gen., n. sp. (Palaeocorystidae), Joeranina gaspari n. gen., n. sp. (Palaeocorystidae),Marylyreidus n. gen. (Marylyreidinae n. subfam.), Paranecrocarcinus balla n. sp. (Paranecrocarcininae), Symethoidesmonmouthorum n. gen., n. sp. (Symethinae) and Vegaranina n. gen. (Ranininae). Several raninoid and palaeocorystoid genera are revised, and emended diagnoses given.

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All known etyid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the upper Albian -lower Cenomanian Aldoirar coralgal-dominated patch reef (Albeniz Unit, Eguino Formation), as exposed at the disused Koskobilo quarry in Navarra, northern Spain, are described, discussed and illustrated. A new species, Xanthosia koskobiloensis, the first member of the genus on record from southern Europe, is erected, and a variety that appears closely related to this, Xanthosia cf. X. koskobiloensis, is recognised. This new taxon could be a forerunner of the early Palaeocene (Danian) Xanthosia gracilis from Fakse (Sjaelland, eastern Denmark), with which it shares a morphologically closely similar carapace. On the basis of a revised overview here of all species assigned to it, the genus Xanthosia may have evolved in an environment dominated by deposition of siliciclastics, rather than chalks. In addition, Etyxanthosia fossa has been collected at Koskobilo, and as the distribution of all known specimens demonstrates, E. fossa inhabited various environments. Another new species, Caloxanthus paraornatus, is closely similar as well to a species from Fakse, Caloxanthus ornatus, and constitutes the first record of the genus for southern Europe.

Recent fieldwork (June 2008) in the reefal limestones near Alsasua, Navarra (northern Spain) has resulted in the discovery of a new species of diogenid hermit crab, Annuntidiogenes worfi sp. nov., which appears closely related to the type species of the genus, A. ruizdegaonai Fraaije et al., 2008, from Monte Orobe and also of mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) age. The new specimen represents only the third paguroid carapace of Cretaceous age to be described and formally named.Keywords: Crustacea, Anomura, Diogenidae, Albian-Cenomanian, Spain, new taxon. Alsasua, Navarra (Norte de España) han proporcionado el hallazgo de una nueva especie de cangrejo ermitaño diogénido, Annuntidiogenes worfi n. sp., estrechamente relacionado con la especie tipo del género, A. ruizdegaonai Fraaije et al., 2008, del Monte Orobe, en depósitos adscritos al Cretácico medio (Albiense-Cenomaniense). El nuevo ejemplar es el tercer registro de un caparazón de pagúrido preservado en depósitos del Cretácico. Resumen Recientes trabajos de campo (Junio de 2008) en las calizas arrecifales cercanas a la localidad de

Two new brachyurans assignable to the family Retroplumidae Gill, 1894, Serrablopluma diminuta n. gen., n. sp., and Gaudipluma bacamortensis n. gen., n. sp., from the Eocene of northern Spain (Huesca, Aragón), substantially enlarge our current knowledge of the morphological diversity of the family. The material, with well-preserved ventral surfaces, permits the erection of two new genera that can be referred to the family with confidence on the basis of the general carapace shape, narrow front, a reduced last pair of pereiopods and characteristic thoracic sternum (broad, trapezoidal sternites 3, 4, subrectangular sternites 5-7, sternite 8 conspicuously reduced and inclined). Serrablopluma diminuta n. gen., n. sp. cooccurs with two other retroplumids in the most diverse fossil assemblage of that family known to date.