Sustainability is a topic with deep implications, as reflected by the approval of the 2030 Agenda for the sustainable development that has 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of these SDGs tries to achieve the sustainability of cities, for which we have verified that their resilience is necessary against natural hazards (NH). For the persistence of NH through time on a world scale, it is crucial to train expert technicians in the prevention and control of these risks. For this research, two studies have been made, one focused on research into the training of environmentalists by means of gamification, and the other to verify the potential of this same tool in the NH analysis and management. With this work we have been able to verify that the model of city designed can be an alternative and more sustainable model to the current solutions, also corroborating the usefulness of simulation in their design and its role in the resilience against NH. On the other hand, in relation to the teaching of the subject under study, based on the competences studied, this study is considered successful, demonstrating the utility of gamification and simulations in the formation of environmentalists.
Landslide monitoring has benefited from recent advances in the use of image correlation of high resolution optical imagery. However, this approach has typically involved satellite imagery that may not be available for all landslides depending on their time of movement and location. This study has investigated the application of image correlation techniques applied to a sequence of aerial imagery to an active landslide in the French Alps. We apply an indirect landslide monitoring technique (COSI-Corr) based upon the cross-correlation between aerial photographs, to obtain horizontal displacement rates. Results for the2001-2003 time interval are presented, providing a spatial model of landslide activity and motion across the landslide, which is consistent with previous studies. The study has identified areas of new landslide activity in addition to known areas and through image decorrelation has identified and mapped two new lateral landslides within the main landslide complex. This new approach for landslide monitoring is likely to be of wide applicability to other areas characterised by complex ground displacements.
The Tropical coast of Granada Province, in Southern Spain, was intensively developed during the 80s and 90s., A residential complex of several urbanizations, was built up on the Eastern slope of the coastal Cerro Gordo hill (Almuñécar), on the pre-existing landslide of Calaiza, unidentified in the preliminary technical studies, thus giving rise to a set of incidents associated with this unforeseen unstable slope. To insure sea views from all houses, excavations and fillings were practiced giving place to a stepped slope on which new foundations of structures and roads were located and subsequently progressively damaged by increasing cracks and deformations, leading 42 houses into ruins in the period 2003-2016. Since 1990 annual and monthly rainfalls were variable in the area, and some peaks of rainfall eventually were associated to damages proliferation, although more frequently damages were recorded during dry or low rainfall seasons, when water infiltrated from pipelines breaks. This expressed the damaging effects of a combination of permanent sliding at low annual rate and bad constructions practices during eventual heavy rains or dry periods. An overall perspective of the geotechnical and geomorphological features of the study area, the landslide reactivation, and its correlation to the evolution of damages, as well as its legal consequences, is presented.
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