Since the very beginning of the course of infection, HIV enters into the CNS and it is reflected through neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to assess and subsequently compare the neurocognitive functioning of treatment-naive adults with HIV Stage I, II & peer control. Cross-sectional Case-control study design was followed. 22 adults (11 in stage I and 11 in stage II) with HIV infection and 11 adults as matched control were administered various standardised neuropsychological tests assessing cognitive functions like verbal fluency, executive functions, memory and visuo-spatial ability. Data were analysed by computing Kruskal Wallis one way ANOVA by ranks and post-hoc analysis (with the help of Mann Whitney U Test). Results showed that adults with HIV infected had poorer performance on most measures of memory functioning, visuo-spatial ability, verbal fluency and some measures of frontal lobe functioning in comparison to the matched peer control group. Those with stage II HIV had more compromised functions than those in stage I HIV in overall frontal lobe functioning along with inhibitory control, conceptualization, mental flexibility and sensitivity to interference.
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A and E viruses are the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis and account for 10% deaths due to viral hepatitis globally. These viruses are endemic in India, and causes both epidemic and sporadic infections. Though there are several outbreak reports available, data on sporadic infections caused by these two viruses are very few. METHODSHistory of patients were recorded and blood samples collected to investigate possible hepatitis A and E infection. Laboratory assessments for detection of anti-HAV IgG and anti-HEV IgG antibodies was performed using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay kits. RESULTSTotal 494 patients were investigated including 159 female and 335 male. Seroprevalence of HAV was found to be 11.2% and that of HEV was 20.05%. Both the infections demonstrated preponderance of male over female. Highest frequencies of HAV were found in age group of 11-20 and that of HEV were in age group 21-30. Seasonal distribution of both HAV and HEV infections followed a bimodal peak pattern with peaks reported in spring and rainy season. CONCLUSIONSMain modes of transmission of both the viruses are through feco-oral route. So by improving community hygiene and administering vaccination (For Hepatitis A) the number of positive cases can be reduced. A community program like "Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan" and a surveillance program by hospitals with multipronged approach of screening, treatment and immunization (against HAV) are expected to reduce incidences of infective viral hepatitis.
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