No abstract

Transition metal-free C-3 functionalization of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones has recently emerged as modern sustainable protocol, as C-3 functionalized quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones offers robust applications in medicinal, pharmaceutical and agriculture industry. In recent times, various...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) serves as a model protein to explore drug‐protein interactions due to its structural similarities with Human serum albumin (HSA). In this report, the binding tendency of BSA protein with synthesized trifluoromethyl functionalized pyrazoles i. e., 5‐hydroxy‐3‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐4,5‐dihydropyrazole‐1‐thiocarboxamide (2 a) and 5‐hydroxy‐3‐(p‐bromophenyl)‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐4,5‐dihydropyrazole‐1‐thiocarboxamide (2 b) was explored using spectroscopic techniques. The pyrazoles were synthesized by a one‐pot reaction and characterized with the help of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystallographic parameters were found to be in close agreement with those evaluated computationally using density functional theory (DFT). Further, to explore the nature of interactions involved in binding, Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out, which indicated the presence of non‐covalent interactions. Specifically, hydrogen bonding viz O−H, S−H and F−H were observed in both cases. As predicted by DFT based global reactivity descriptors, compound 2 a is chemically softer than 2 b. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were also performed to validate the nature of binding interactions present in both cases.

No abstract

Innate inflammation beyond a threshold is a significant problem involved in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and many other chronic conditions. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are key inflammatory markers as they catalyze prostaglandins production and are crucial for inflammation processes. While COX-I is constitutively expressed and is generally involved in "housekeeping" roles, the expression of the COX-II isoform is induced by the stimulation of different inflammatory cytokines and also promotes the further generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which affect the prognosis of various diseases. Hence, COX-II is considered an important therapeutic target for drug development against inflammation-related illnesses. Several selective COX-II inhibitors with safe gastric safety profiles features that do not cause gastrointestinal complications associated with classic antiinflammatory drugs have been developed. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence of cardiovascular side effects from COX-II inhibitors that resulted in the withdrawal of market-approved anti-COX-II drugs. This necessitates the development of COX-II inhibitors that not only exhibit inhibit potency but also are free of side effects. Probing the scaffold diversity of known inhibitors is vital to achieving this goal. A systematic review and discussion on the scaffold diversity of COX inhibitors are still limited. To address this gap, herein we present an overview of chemical structures and inhibitory activity of different scaffolds of known COX-II inhibitors. The insights from this article could be helpful in seeding the development of next-generation COX-II inhibitors.