The political opposition in Communist Polish Republic concentrated a lot of attention in magazines published in “second” circulation on economic issues. Mainly they were wondering how to change the disadvantageous economic situation of our country in 1980s. One of their more representative idea in this period of time concerned the model of local economy. The most important role in this model belonged to trade unions, which would have the real independent character. According to their concept the economic system of country would opt out of the government so the rule over enterprises would be given to the workers and this way it would create the “social enterprises”. The workers’ council would take care of workers’ business and also would choose the director who would be responsible to the workers’ council. Some part of polish opposition believed that keeping the economy under workers’ control would bring the chance of political changes in Communist Polish Republic.
W swojej pracy autor udowadnia, wbrew obiegowym opiniom i stereotypizacji opozycji antykomunistycznej jako nie lewicowej, że opozycyjna myśl polityczna była zdominowana przez nurt lewicowy w drugiej połowie lat 70. i w latach 80. Zarówno w sferze światopoglądowej oraz ideowej, jak i polityczno-programowej.
Reverse logistics is a dynamically developing field, which is based on the flow of goods in the opposite direction to the traditional (from consumer to producer). The main purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of reverse logistics and to characterize specific solutions used in its aspect, as well as to present the advantages of using this type of logistics. To illustrate the theoretical considerations were used some reverse logistics processes in enterprises and the benefits that have been achieved as a result of them. K e y w o r d s: reverse logistics, innovations in logistics, reverse logistics benefits.
Tygodnik Polski (Harbin 1922–1942) as a Source for the History of Polish Emigration in China Harbin, a city located in Manchuria in the Far East, became an important centre of Polish emigration in the first half of the 20th century. It was inhabited by a few thousand Polish expatriates, who could attend Polish churches and schools and had Polish social, economic and cultural organisations here. They also published books and periodicals. The longest existing periodical was Tygodnik Polski, a weekly founded by priest Władysław Ostrowski. In spite of financial difficulties and a small number of Poles in Manchuria, Tygodnik survived for 20 years (1922–1942), becoming an important source documenting the life of the Polish community in that area. Among Polish periodicals issued in Asia, it was published for the longest time and was the only Polish periodical in Asia for some time. The aim of the presented paper is to supplement the existing state of research with new information regarding the publication, edition, character and mission of the weekly. Among raised problems, the issues of upbringing and education were highlighted. The research was based on an analysis of annual volumes of Tygodnik Polski.
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