The article focuses on the introduction and usage of the so-called "NEET" (Neither in Employment nor in Education and Training) concept in the European Union. The term itself comes with several issues connected with its proper definition, or the negative connotations associated with it. Since 2011, the group of young people from the age of 15 to 29 who are in NEET status has been the highest priority in the EU youth employment policy and was referred to in many of the Union's policy documents, despite no research having been done on the NEET phenomena before the introduction of this concept; whether at the EU level, or in any of the Member States except for the United Kingdom (the UK), where it was used in reference to teenagers ranging in age from 16 to 18. The main point of introducing the NEET concept in the Union is supposed to be drawing the attention of policymakers and European society to this particular group of young Europeans. This article presents some negative issues connected with the concept's usage, like: assuming the "normal" way of youth development to only be working, studying, or training, which applies some negative connotations associated with this term in a number of EU countries, oblivious of other groups in difficult positions, or associating NEETs with social exclusion. Moreover, the article analyses the implementation in the Union of a flagship initiative to deal with the so called "NEET crisis"-the Youth Guarantee.
Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from burning fossil fuels for energy. To confront climate change, the world must move away from fossil fuels and decarbonise its energy systems. In the light of European Union documents, decarbonisation signifies the elimination of CO2 emissions on account of their harmfulness to the environment. The European Union is planning that by 2030, these emissions will be 40% lower in comparison to 1990. A fundamental query arises here: do the achievements of EU countries give cause for optimism in this regard? The aim of the study is an attempt to determine the tendency of changes concerning energy decarbonisation as well as to distinguish typological groups of bodies (EU countries) with similar dynamics in the researched phenomenon. Trend functions and the distance matrices of the growth rate of the researched phenomenon were used for the dynamic classification. The conducted research confirmed that EU countries indicate spatial differentiation in terms of CO2 emissions. It is related to the general socio-economic development of countries, their level of industrialisation, the quality of their natural environment, their degree of urbanisation, etc. The most favourable situation, in terms of the analysed phenomenon, i.e., the largest average decrease in CO2 per capita in the analysed period, was characteristic of Ireland, Greece, and Cyprus. On the other hand, an adverse situation relating to an increase in the indicator occurred in five EU countries, specifically in Luxembourg and Lithuania.
The article focuses on the introduction of two Work-Life Balance (WLB) models developed and implemented in the United States of America (the USA) and in the European Union (the UE). Main characteristics and assumptions connected with both models are presented.In recent years policies favoring the reconciliation of work and private life have gained great attention of many EU Member States, but still number of obstacles can be identified, including: a lack of knowledge about possible solutions and their results (both employers and employees), a lack of information and advisory support for both groups of stakeholders, or lack of some effective methods of cooperation between the representatives of different sectors for the implementation of WLB practices in general.Some tools used to overcome the pointed-out limitations for implementing WLB solutions in EU countries are programs co-financed by the budgets of their national governments and the European Social Fund (ESF). An example of such tools used toward supporting WLB practices in Poland is a project co-financed by the EU under the POWER 4.3 ESF campaign called "Cross-sectoral cooperation toward WLB based on cooperation models and tools from Great Britain".The article presents the project as an example of good practice from Poland and describes innovative products developed in the project, including three models of cross-sectoral cooperation between employment agencies and training institutions, CSOs, and employers toward WLB.
This article refers to the results of research that was conducted on the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, shortly before the first confirmed laboratory case was registered. The research was carried out with 240 people who dealt daily with youth, including NEETs activation, through work or volunteering in various types of institutions (public, NGO, and private). The results allowed us to back upthe hypothesis that people who deal with NEET youth support on a daily basis value traditional methods of professional activation more than digital methods. The analysis also answered the question of which demo-social variables among the respondents had an impact on their assessment of the methods used for professional activation. The variables that were found to significantly differentiate the respondents’ assessments included gender, education, place of residence, the type of institution in which the respondents worked, and the age range of the respondents.
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