Artykuł stanowi próbę wprowadzenia staropolskiego piśmiennictwa wojskowego w obszar dyskusji nad teorią rewolucji militarnej. Wschodnia sztuka wojenna podzielała te same idee co zachodnia, nie omijały jej dyskusje toczone równocześnie na Zachodzie. Problem został zaprezentowany na podstawie analizy porównawczej polskich i hiszpańskich traktatów wojskowych z XVI w. Zabieg ten pozwala wzbogacić teorię o nowe -społeczne i kulturowe -elementy i rozszerzyć jej zasięg na kraje dotychczas ignorowane przez badaczy, a także wprowadzić do polskiej historiografi i zarys hiszpańskiej myśli wojskowej doby renesansu.

This article is devoted to the different roles played by women in the seventeenth-century Spanish army. As the issue of the presence of women in pre-industrial armies has not received much attention among researchers, the problem is still presented according to stereotypes shaped by nineteenth-century historiography and the early works of military historians. In their light, women in the armies of the early modern era assumed at best the role of servants, laundresses, cooks or offered sexual services. More recent works by historians of social military history, however, shed a completely different light on the issue, showing them not only as actively participating in army life, but also as taking up arms or seeking help for themselves and their soldiers’ orphans after the war. In this article, I will present the three roles of women that emerge from the sources – woman in armed combat, widow and mother – for the seventeenth-century Spanish army.

Between translation and history. The functionalist approach of translation in historical investigation in the study of Discurso sobre la forma de reducir la disciplina militar a mejory antiguo estadoThis paper analyses the possibilities of application of some elements of translation studies into historical investigation. When analyzing a historical source, a historian works also as a translator and often, unaware of this, changes the meaning of the original information, that will eventually reshape the results of his final results [?]. History as a science does not use the language separated from the original terms for example concerning institutions, laws, religions, therefore the risk of mistake in the process of decoding the source is serious, as emphasized by Marc Bloch. The functionalist approach in translation, presented by German scholars Christiane Nord and Hans J. Vermeer and the theory of equivalence by Eugene Nida, prove helpful in the historical analysis of Spanish 16th-century military treatise Discurso sobre la forma de reducir la disciplina militar a mejor y antiguo estado. Using the military charges and early modern military law as examples, we can see how translation studies can improve the fidelity of historical analysis of sources.