In this study, we investigated the relationship between ground-penetrating radar (GPR) response and agriculture properties of soil with a view to understanding how the constraint of soil degradation may influence the properties. GPR field data measurements were made at a location with soil types, properties, and disturbances caused by tractor movement. The data were processed, and empirical equations relating soil physical properties and material properties of soil media were considered for the analysis of the field data. The results showed a change in the reflection coefficient and increase in the GPR wave velocity when comparing the records of the initial parts of the GPR records, lasting about 2.5 ns, of the signal response of soil subjected to compaction as a result of 10 tractor passes, with those obtained prior to movement of the tractor. The summation of the absolute value of GPR wave amplitude in the analyzed results clearly shows that the amplitude of the signal corresponding to the compressed ground is twice and even three times smaller than the amplitude recorded before the tractor runs. The results prompted the design of a relatively simple method for tracking changes in soil properties based on the results of GPR measurements, which show that zones subjected to direct tire pressure are easy to delineate and are not limited to the part that is directly under the tire, but extend about 0.5 m. It thus shows that there is a relationship between the penetration resistance induced by a change in porosity and changes in the coefficient of reflectivity and the velocity of radar waves.
The soil moisture distribution is important in terms of assessment of agricultural conditions for plant cultivations. The aim of this study is to develop methodology for monitoring soil moisture by the use of goundpenerating radar (GPR). This non-invasive geophysical method has been widely introduced for this purpose for the last decade. However, there is still lack of routinly application in agriculture. The main reasons are timeconsuming data processing and aqusition, particulary for multi-offset measurments. In order to fill this gap we tried to adapt single-offset measurment. Our field study contained several measurments for different time span after ground irrigation. We used 800 MHz shielded and 200 MHz unshelded antennas. We focused on ground wave which propagates just beneath the surface. We observed relative velocity and amplitude spectrum changes of air and ground waves after water irrigation. These changes has an explanation in electromagnetic wave propagation theory. Water irrigation causes the increase of ground wave time arrivals and shift of amplitude spectrum towards lower frequencies.
The article presents a study on the determination of working resistance force of a tool that reclaims the topsoil based on GPR research. The experiment used a strain gauge force measurement system in a three-point linkage suspension system of the tool on a tractor with automatic registration of other operating parameters of the unit at a frequency of 10H. For the research with the use of GPR, a shielded antenna with a frequency of 800 MHz was used, allowing to obtain a wavelength of 0.12 m and a resolution of 0.03 m. The tests were carried out for several combinations of soil compaction, which was initially measured with the Eijkelkamp cone penetrometer. A large convergence of the results of the working resistance forces was found with the indications of the states of excessive compaction identified in the space of the echogram. It should be noted that the convergence of the measurement results increases with the degree of soil compaction. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the energy consumption of cultivation treatments on the basis of non-invasive GPR surveys and selective soil reclamation treatment with degraded subsoil.
Consistent building of mineral database is very crucial to ascertaining the natural resources potential of a nation which may be valuable towards its development. Essentially, the study aimed at establishing the spatial extent and average thickness occurrence of the kaolin deposit in part of Ikere-ekiti, south western Nigeria using geophysical method. Seventy seven VES measurements and two parametric soundings were made. The data were processed and interpreted using IPIwin - a forward modelling software. The evaluated geoelectric parameers were used for the generation of maps(2D and 3D) depicting the mineral occurrence variation. Three-five subsurface layers were depicted within the study area with layer resistivity ranging from 1 to 7250 ohm-meters and layer thickness that range from 0.2 to 48 meters. Layers with a resistivity range of 1-150 ohm meters have been identified as the kaolin layers. Average thickness of the kaolin layer range from 0.8 to 46 meters. Overburden thickness were found to range from 0.3 to 44 meters.The lateral extents of the kaolin occurrence in the study site have been delineated by electrical geophysical sounding method. The obtained information may serve as database for detail exploration and exploitaion programme towards harnessing the reosurces.
In this paper, complex signal analyses of ground penetrating radar (GPR) field data over an area of farmland in Krakow were interpreted alongside the basic filtered field data. The farmland was simulated with var-ying degrees of soil compaction induced by tractor movement. The focus of the study was the delineation of in-herent characteristics of media through which the electromagnetic energy travelled. Fourteen GPR profiles were acquired from the area. The field data were subjected to pre- and post-processing prior to its the presentation and interpretation. Advance analysis operations on the field data which resorted in different attributes reveal more about the effects of the compaction on the soil than indicated by the basic filtered field data. Better resolution of subsurface layers boundary and lateral variation in the physical properties of the traversing media were well elu-cidated. The results have demonstrated that an advanced signal processing such as used in the study has ability to depict subtle characteristics of the propagating media.
In this study, we demonstrated application of ground penetrating radar towards assessing zones of high penetration resistance (PR) within soil horizons with a view to characterize the subsurface media. Soil attributes changes both in time and space can be difficult to understand. This may be largely due to concealing nature of subsurface media and convectional methods of soil investigations that are usually restricted to observation at the surface and discrete points. Thus making interpolations, inferences and conclusions from such methods inadequate and less reliable. However, ground penetrating radar (GPR) – a geophysical method of investigation was used in this study in lieu of the traditional methods. Soil variability measured in its PR (strength) is related to its compactness-function of bulk density. GPR utilizes electromagnetic (EM) energy in the range of 10 MHz to 3GHz that propagates through the investigative materials. Analysis of the two-way travel time of EM wave gives information about the velocity of the travelling wave. Data were acquired on a loamy silty soil at a farmland in Krakow as a test site simulated with compaction by tractor passes to induce densification of the subsurface layers. Results of the test depicted distinguishing feature of the compacted zones which is reduction in (EM) waveform amplitude and rapid decay of the EM frequency spectra. The research outcome shows swift, cheap and less cumbersome method of soil investigation.
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