The changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in atopic dermatitis (AD) concern also T-regulatory cells. We investigated the expression of various surface receptors on CD3+CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T-regulatory cells and the activation CD28+ receptor and the inhibitory CD152+ receptor on helper/inducer as well as cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 15 AD patients and 20 healthy subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β were determined in the serum and the supernatant of ConA-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes. In AD patients the percentage of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ as well as CD3+CD8+ cells increased, which positively correlated with SCORAD index (r = 0.55, p = 0.03). The concentrations of IL-10 in the CD4+ lymphocyte culture supernatants and the concentrations of TGF-β in the sera and the supernatant negatively correlated with the severity of AD (p < 0.01, r = −0.63; p < 0.02, r = −0.64 and p < 0.03, r = −0.58, respectively), whereas the serum concentration of IL-6 correlated positively (p < 0.003, r = 0.71). The regulatory cells expressed more CD62L and CD134 surface markers but less CD95. Reduced expression of the apoptotic CD95 receptor suggests that survival time of these cells is prolonged. Since CD62L and CD134 were upregulated, the enhanced modulatory effect of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells seemed to be suggested, which may result in increased co-expression of CD28/CD152 on both CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations.
Probiotics are usually defined as live microbial food ingredients beneficial to health which comprise of normal commensally bacteria as a part of the healthy human gut micro flora. The gut microflora is an important component of the gut defense barrier and have been shown to induce and maintain oral tolerance in experimental animal models. Functional foods, including probiotic bacteria, are an attractive medium for maintaining the steady nutritional state of the host with defective gut barrier functions. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) embraces a crucial component of the total immunological capacity of the host in recognizing and selectively handling alien antigens for the initiation of immune responses. Normalization of increased intestinal permeability and altered gut micro ecology can ensure improvement of the function of the gut barrier. Probiotics do modify the composition of the gut microflora and, as a consequence, they have been shown to influence both intestinal and body functions. This review also discussed some patent related to the field.
Prebiotics have great potential to improve human health in specific intestinal disorders. The knowledge about the influence of prebiotics on the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) for the improvement of human health is still growing. This paper reviews the latest evidence for the immunity-enhancing effects of prebiotics. Prebiotics, include inulin, fructooligosaccharides, mannosoligosaccharides, and arabinogalactans, are a therapeutic nutritional preparation used for the gut function favoring growth of normal bacterial flora and impedes growth of pathogenic organisms. There is convincing preliminary data to suggest that the consumption of prebiotics can modulate immune parameters in GALT, secondary lymphoid tissues and peripheral circulation. There is increasing evidence that the newly described prebiotics and innovative means of administration can modulate various properties of the immune system, including those of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Authors of recently published patents showed new mechanisms for immuno-modulation, and the ultimate impact on immunological health of prebiotics.
The aim of the study was to examine the possible, parallel/combined effects of electromagnetic radiation, artificially induced inflammation and a centrally-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, tramadol, (used in the treatment of severe pain) on the antioxidant capacity of blood of rats. The antioxidant capacity of blood of healthy rats was higher than that of rats which received only tramadol and were exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Thalidomide has a broad spectrum of anti-cancer activity. Antitumor activity of thalidomide may be related to a number of known properties, including anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and T-cell costimulatory and antiangiogenic activities. The therapeutic potential of thalidomide provided motivation to develop more effective derivatives with considerably reduced toxicity. Thalidomide's immunomodulatory (IMiDs) analogs (lenalidomide, CC-5013; CC-4047, ACTIMID) represent a novel class of compounds with numerous effects on the immune system. Some of these analogs are thought to mediate the anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects observed in humans. Thalidomide is currently approved for the treatment of dermal reaction to leprosy and is currently in phase III trials for multiple myeloma (MM). IMiDs inhibit the cytokine's tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL) 1β, 6, 12, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The repression of the tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) expression is the crucial factor of many of the anti-inflammatory properties of thalidomide. The mechanisms underlying many of the anti-inflammatory properties of thalidomide, including its ability to co-stimulate T cells, still remain unclear. Some recent patent are also summarized in this review.
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