The reported value (45%) for male infertility is high, which is compared and discussed with that of authors from worldwide.

World over, male infertility is on rise. Several causes for infertility are known. Semen examination report is an important document, of which total sperm count and percentage of sperm motility are very well considered for understanding the status of fertility. Several factors affecting these parameters are discussed by different groups of workers. Abstinence maintained prior to semen collection differed among different studies. Abstinence may have an influence on semen parameters. Several reports show submission of sample is done after random collection. If collection is done after number of days of abstinence the semen will be poor in quality. It is known that sperms are damaged if they remain more number of days in male system prior to its release. As spermatogenesis is a continuous process, number of sperms will be more in testes if not released out. Percentage of sperm motility in such samples will be poor. Similarly the quality of semen of daily collected is likely to be poor where sperms are less in number. Considering the said facts we have opted to find out if any variation in semen takes place if abstinence period is strictly maintained. In the present study, a total number of thirty five young healthy men supplied semen samples on three different occasions at a fixed time after maintaining abstinence for a fixed period of five days. The time of collection of semen is also an important factor as semen collected at different timings of the day after maintaining same fixed number of days of abstinence showed significant difference in values. Knowing seasonal changes lead to difference in parameters of semen, we completed the present study in one season. Our results on all parameters showed change in values in all three samples, collected on three different days but they were statistically insignificant. Our study favors collection of sample after fixed number of five days of abstinence.

Mutrakricchra is a broad term which covers the conditions described in modern medical science as Urinary tract infection (UTI). The pratyatma lakshana of Mutrakricchra is "dukhena mutra pravritti" means discomfort during micturition. Mutrakricchra is also found as a lakshana in many diseases such as ashmari, Mutraghata, Mutraja vridhi, arsha and Gulma etc. The present study was done to assess the etiopathology of mutrakricchra according to various classical texts and to find out interrelation between mutrakricchra and Urinary tract infection. In this review etiopathogenesis of the mutrakricchra has been illustrated in accordance with ayurvedic classics, and research papers collected from indexed journals accessed physically and through the internet. Nidanas of mutrakricchra are divided in to two types i.e. samanya and vishishta nidana. It can be classified according to the doshas i.e. vataja, pittaja and kaphaja nidana. Various scholarly articles have suggested that Excessive exercise, Medications, Alcohol, Regular intercourse, Regular riding, Sea foods, Heavy food intake & Indigestion, Salt & astringent materials, Urge suppression and Fecalith are the main etiological factors of mutrakricchra w.s.r. to Urinary tract infection. Apana vata is responsible for normal evacuation of urine. Sushruta has mentioned that the pratiloma gati of vata is responsible for the mutra rogas. So it is concluded that any abnormalities in vyana vayu, samana vayu, pachaka pitta, ranjaka pitta and apana vayu due to dietary, habitual, deficiency, injury and bacterial factors resulting in mutrakricchra.

Modern day lifestyle is associated with many health-related issues and Amlapitta is one of them. Amlapitta is a disease caused due to imbalance of Pitta Dosha which needs attention in early stage to prevent further complications. Ayurveda has been successfully treating this condition since thousands of years. Bhaishajya Ratnavali is one of the texts of Ayurveda which prescribes medications for various diseases. Amlapitta has been described in a separate chapter in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. It consists both herbal and herbo-mineral formulations for its treatment. This article reviews the treatment of Amlapitta as mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and attempts to explain the probable mode of action of the formulations.

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