Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) was introduced into Europe at the end of the 15 th century by the expedition of Christopher Columbus. Dissemination from Spain, associated transmission over the old continent from different parts of America, and subsequent maize exploitation during the next five centuries contributed to the establishment of native maize genetic diversity in Europe. Even though the genetic variation of American populations will probably remain higher forever in comparison with European maize, alleles specific to European populations also emerged during adaptation to the local climate and environment (Rebourg et al. 2003). Contrasting climate, soils, agronomical practices, and breeder's effort created local populations progressively cultivated in favourable European regions. Local populations were grown by the end of the forties of the 20 th century. After World War Two traditional local maize populations (landraces, obsolete cultivars) were progressively replaced by agronomically improved hybrids. At the same time there were efforts to preserve traditional populations (landraces) and collections of maize genetic resources were established in different countries. The maintenance of genetic resource collections is necessarily associated with relevant evaluation and characterization of genetic diversity. The maize germplasm belongs to the most studied. Extensive evaluations of morphological traits were complemented later by isoenzyme markers as the first type of applied molecular markers. Many laboratories have been investigating the polymorphic isoenzyme patterns in plants for more than twenty years (Brown 1979
Methodological Approaches to Simple Enzyme Polymorphism Analyses of Amaranth Species (AmaranthusSP.)Amaranths have drawn a great interest in last years as an agronomic crop, alternative energy source and ornamental plants around the world. Several of them are cultivated as the leaf vegetables, cereals, or as the colourful, quick growing garden plants. Increasing demand for the breeding and proteomic study inAmaranthusspecies led us to test some methodological approaches to enzyme polymorphism analysis. For these experiments genotypes ofAmaranthus cruentusL. (genotype Ficha) and mutant line of hybrid K-433 were selected, characterized by a good seed quality and quantity, suitable for food production. The attention was devoted to test of published methodology, which were slightly modified for enzyme (ACP, ADH, CAT, DIA, GOT, IDH, MDH, PGD, PGI and PGM) multiplicity analysis for amaranths and testing of feasibility of chosen analysed organ weights, dimensions of Whatman No. 2 wicks and different volumes of extract buffer. Results from enzyme multiplicity analysis are presented by means of photographed fingerprints and phenotypes are expressed in diagrams where positions of zymograme bands are marked by using factors of relative mobility (Rm).
The objectives of our studies were to investigate the effect of cold pre-treatment duration and the effect of two different culture media (YP and N6) on maize anther culture response in two maize genotypes (A 18 and A 19) and to identify the gametic origin of the maize regenerants. Androgenic induction and callus formation was compared in anther cultures following pre-treatment applied to both media tested and with both maize genotypes. Higher plant regeneration was observed in case of YP media independently of the genotype used. The best results were achieved when 12 days (genotype A 18) or 14 days (in case of genotype A 19) cold pre-treatment at 10°C was applied. We have tested the possibility of using enzyme isoform analyses to identify the microspore origin of calli and plants derived from anther cultures. The 11 enzymes tested in our experiments were acid phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, diaphorase, b-glucosidase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase. Analysis of malate dehydrogenase proved the gametic origin of the calli initiated and of the DH plants regenerated from anther culture, when the coleoptile of the donor plant material showed two forms of enzyme 3/6 and the analysed calli showed only one of the two forms (3 or 6).
The Bioindicative Role of Enzyme Polymorphism of Seven Enzyme Systems as Reaction on High Cadmium Ions Concentration in Maize (Zea MaysL.)Effect of different concentrations of cadmium ions (0, 15, 60, 240 and 960 μmol dm-3in full Hoagland solutions) on enzyme polymorphism of seven enzymes - acid phosphatase (ACP), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and their fifteen polymorphic loci - in coleoptiles, leaf blades and in the central parts of primary root systems of 14 days old seedlings in two self-pollinated maize lines and their single-cross was studied. Analyses of enzyme polymorphism showed that the biological material was homogeneous, self-pollinated lines had homozygous constitution in each analysed locus and hybrid had three loci (Acp1: 2/4, Idh2: 4/6andPgd1: 2/3.8) with heterozygous constitution. Ions of cadmium negatively influenced seedling growth and development, high cadmium concentration (960 μmol dm-3) was toxic and stopped further growth and development of maize seedlings after five days of cultivation. Enzyme fingerprint analysis of these fifteen polymorphic loci from selected enzymes supported their genotypic, organ and ontogenetic stability under high doses of cadmium ions. According to our results this group of enzymes in these polymorphic loci did not express changes in polymorphism after treatment with cadmium ions and thus cannot play the bioindicative role in this respect.
The work describes the evolution of cultural and social conditions in the Slovak territory, respectively, in Upper Hungary, in the possible establishment of a public institution collecting exclusively artistic material. The example of the development of art associations and local museums offers a view of this situation through particular historical periods, more precisely from the middle of the nineteenth century to the gallery's founding in 1948. However, the purpose of the work is not only to outline the social discourse on the possibility of establishing a regional gallery or a public art museum. In addition to concrete examples and evidence of this debate, the work also offers insight into the political orientation of individual institutions that could have been potential players during this development. The work points to a complicated tangle of individual opinions, values and beliefs.
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