The transformation of fertility and family behaviour in post-socialist countries was quick and the changes were striking. An account of the changes is the subject of dispute and the mechanisms have still not been explained in a fully satisfying manner. Relatively little attention has been paid to the changes in spatial aspects concerning the broadening of changes in family behaviour. The aim of this paper is to answer the question as to whether changes spread stochastically in post-socialist countries or if there are obvious spatial patterns. The study tries to answer the questions whether there are any cores of changes which may be understood as innovations, if there is any spatial clustering and if the extent is hierarchically arranged.JEL classification: C21, J11, J12
Population ageing in the EU28 is an important twenty-first century phenomenon, affecting virtually every aspect of life in these countries. The results of the latest EUROPOP2018 population forecast indicate that the rate of ageing is accelerating. The aim of this paper is to analyse the current level of population ageing in the EU28, identify spatial differences, and point to likely trends by the middle of this century. For these purposes, we have used a combination of conventional chronological indicators of population ageing and a set of new indicators based on prospective age that allows for a more comprehensive and realistic view of population ageing. We use multivariate statistical methods (factor and cluster analysis) to identify groups of countries with similar population ageing characteristics, using both a retrospective and prospective approach. We decompose changes in selected ageing indicators into the separate effects of changes in the population composition (children under 15, working-age population, elderly). We then identify the effect of major demographic factors (migration, mortality, cohort turnover) for the set of EU28 countries
Postponement of Motherhood in Slovakia in Cohort Perspective.Fertility postponement is one of the most important trends in the demographic behavior in Slovakia after collapse of previous political regime. The reproduction model which was primarily characterized by early motherhood began to diminish in late 1960s and with every new generation, it loses further ground. It is manifested in continuous rise in cohort mean age at first birth and a significant intergenerational drop in the cohort fertility rate.The benchmark analysis of cohort fertility has enabled us to analyze in detail the onset of the fertility postponement transition in Slovakia, as well as its dynamics and ultimate extent. We have also been able to identify the differences in the recuperation of the deferred births. Our analysis has confirmed that the earliest onset of fertility postponement can be found in Slovakia among women born in the first half of the 1970s. The formation of a new reproductive model in younger ages culminates in cohorts born in the 1980s. It also appears that the main cause of cohort fertility decline is caused by the low level of recuperation of second and higher births. The first order fertility is the most affected by the postponement process, but most of these deferred births are born in higher ages. Therefore the most important for the future development of fertility in Slovakia will be on how successful will women born in the 1970s and 1980s be in carrying out their deferred second pregnancies.
New approaches to assessing the population ageing process and their application for Slovakia and EuropePopulation ageing is one of the most important phenomenon of the 21st century. This is especially true for the Slovak population. According to almost all population projections and analyzes, the population ageing process of Slovakia will become more dynamic in the next few years. All these studies of population ageing focus on only one characteristic of peopletheir chronological age. Many important characteristics do not depend on the number of lived years, but on the number of years that a person will live. A new set of indicators of population ageing are based on the concept of prospective age. In comparison to traditional measures they do not use the number of years a person has already lived, but the number of years that a person will probably live. The main aim of this paper is to present the new concept of a prospective age and to introduce new indicators that enable us to analyze the process of population ageing in a new dimension. Supplementing chronological age with an approach that takes into account the changing life expectancy allows us to analyze ageing more comprehensively and more accurately. Key words: pr ospective age, demogr aphic ageing, new appr oaches to population ageing, life expectancy adjusted measures, Slovakia ÚVOD Populačné starnutie predstavuje bezprecedentný proces, ktorý nemá v histórii ľudstva obdobu (UN 2001). Stalo sa dôležitou sociálnou, ekonomickou, zdravotníckou a dokonca aj kultúrnou témou v dôsledku rozsahu svojich dosahov a svojej takmer univerzálnej prítomnosti (Lutz et al. 2008a). Špecifická kombinácia klesajúcej úmrtnosti a plodnosti viedla k zrýchleniu starnutia obyvateľstva vo väčšine spoločností vrátane rozvojových krajín (Lutz et al. 2008b). Podľa správy World Population Ageing 2015 (UN 2015) v podstate každá krajina na svete čelí nárastu počtu a podielu starších osôb v populácii. Proces populačného starnutia sa stáva jedným z najvýznamnejších spoločenských transformačných javov 21. storočia s vplyvom takmer na všetky sektory spoločnosti (UN 2015), preto je často aj odbornou verejnosťou vnímaný ako fenomén či kľúčová otázka nového milénia (napr. Gavrilov a Heuveline 2003 a Lutz et al. 2008b).Podobne aj na Slovensku sa populačné starnutie stalo jednou z ústredných tém nielen demografie, geodemografie, sociológie, ekonómie, ale aj ďalších viac či menej príbuzných vedných disciplín. Rovnako veľkú pozornosť tejto otázke venujú médiá a často je diskutovaná aj v širšej verejnosti. Pri určitom zovšeobecnení však
Dynamic economic expansion of metropolitan regions in post-communist central Europe induces dynamic traffic growth, which calls for new transport network solutions and improvements to existing transport infrastructure within the regions. This is also the case of Bratislava as the capital city of post-communist Slovakia, which has recently been facing new economic and urban development challenges. A booming labour market, intensive suburbanisation processes, traffic expansion and urban (re-)development bring new conflicts and demand for grand-scale transport projects. An ongoing upgrade of the motorway system in the region of Bratislava will result in the construction of a substantial part of an orbital motorway surrounding the southern and eastern parts of the city. The potential effects of the motorway network-upgrade projects on the city urbanism are probably immense. This paper attempts to evaluate the possible changes in accessibility within the road network after completion of motorway upgrading project D4/R7 in the metropolitan area of Bratislava. The interaction potential of both population and jobs was applied here to assess possible impacts of road network enhancement on accessibility of places of residence and of work.
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