In this work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were functionalized with maleic anhydride (MA), using a non-polar (toluene) and polar protic (ethanol) solvents. The concentrations of MA in the reaction were varied to obtain the desired degree of functionalization. The samples were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy (DRS), Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTA) and Nitrogen Adsorption (BET). The physical adsorption of organic molecules was eliminated by washing a number of times in water. Chemical stability between solid-organic phases was confirmed by TOC and thermal analysis. FT-IR and DRS results clearly show the chemical adsorption of MA on the TiO2. The UV-Vis spectroscopy is claimed to be a suitable technique to determine the achievement of TiO2 functionalization. Two different adsorptions geometries of MA were proposed. The presence of MA on the surface TiO2 increases the band gap. These results imply that TiO2 can be excited with less energy and increase the absorption of light in the visible region. The effectiveness of the functionalized nanoparticles to interact with organic materials is currently being studied with the intention of applying them in the energy and environmental sanitation fields.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were functionalized with maleic anhydride (MA). The extension of adsorbed MA on the TiO2 was evaluated by ultrasonic and magnetic stirring. Total Organic Carbon and Thermogravimetric Analysis confirmed the presence of surface MA even after the washing process. The Fourier Transform Infrared and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectra clearly showed the chemical anchored maleic anhydride on the TiO2 surface as bidentate bridging adsorption. The surface modification of TiO2 extended its light absorption range to the visible light region reducing its bandgap energy from 3.05 to 2.55 eV. X-Ray Diffraction patterns showed that the TiO2 functionalized presented a mixture of anatase and rutile phases without any crystalline phase transformation after MA chemisorption process. The functionalization percentage and the reaction efficiency for the TiO2 with 5 wt% MA sample were 3.6 and 69%, respectively, as shown by Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The performance of pure and functionalized TiO2 samples were evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation of the Methyl Orange dye under ultraviolet light. TiO2 with 5 wt% MA produced a maximum degradation of 97% after 90 min, 3% higher than the commercial TiO2.
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