Zinc deficiency affects one third of the population and a possible solution is the agronomic biofortification of vegetables. Due to the increased consumption of arugula, this vegetable has good potential of use; however, there are few researches on the subject. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar zinc applications, at different times, on physiological, yield, nutritional, and biofortification parameters of the 'Broad Leaf ' arugula. Three doses (0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn) were evaluated at five times (15; 20; 25; 15 and 20; and 15, 20 and 25 days after emergence) and a control treatment. Ot was observed that there was no effect of the application on the physiological variables, as well as on the height, leaf area, and fresh mass of aerial parts of the plant. Zn sprayings affected the N contents, while for Mn, P, Cu, and Fe, no significant effects were found. Ot was verified that with the application of 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn made at 25 days after emergence, a higher Zn content was obtained in the arugula leaves, representing an increase of 279% in relation to the control, showing the effectiveness of foliar zinc applications as an agronomic biofortification strategy for arugula.
In vegetables, especially the leafy ones, nitrogen (N) and water are essential in its growth, being N the second most absorbed and identified nutrient in the arugula leaf tissue. Water is essential for horticultural crops, so its use must be rational in order to achieve high yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels and irrigation depths on the productive characteristics, the total leaf chlorophyll index (ICF) and nitrogen contents in the arugula culture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design subdivided in plots, with two factors: A) nitrogen levels applied in coverage (25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3) and B) irrigation depths [(50 and 100% of the available water capacity (AWC)]. At harvest, 37 days after transplantation (DAT), we observed a significant effect of the treatments when individually analyzed, and also a significant interaction between factors of the analyzed variables. The nitrogen content in the plant showed no effect for irrigation depths. However, the highest content was found in the level of 129 mg dm-3 (27.8 g kg-1), corresponding to an increase of 26% in relation to the lowest level (25 mg dm-3; 22.07 g kg-1). In conclusion, the supply of 150 mg dm-3 nitrogen and full irrigation management (100% of AWC) provided substantial increase in height, leaf area and fresh mass of aerial part of the plant.
Arugula is a short-cycle species with a high demand for nutrients. In the plant, each nutrient performs one or more specific functions, so its deficiency will negatively impact the crop growth and development, being important to recognize the nutritional symptoms to help in decision making. In this context, the objective of this study was to describe the evolution of N, K, and Mg deficiencies symptoms and their effect on the growth of arugula plants. One at a time, the nutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution. At 13, 16, 18, and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) the seedlings to the - Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system, plants were collected, symptoms characterized, and leaves were scanned in JPEG (1.200 pixels). At 10 DAT of arugula, plants grew in a nutrient solution N-depleted shown the initial visual symptoms of N deficiency and at 16 DAT was recorded the first symptoms of K and Mg depletion in nutrient solution. At 20 DAT, the plants showed severe N deficiency symptoms, the old leaves presented intense and generalized chlorosis, followed by necrosis. Deficient plants in K exhibited chlorosis at the edge of old leaves advancing to the center of the leaves and small white dots. For Mg, the older leaves developed interveinal chlorosis from the leaf tip towards the central vein. The omission of nitrogen resulted in plants with lower height, leaf area, and number of leaves when compared to arugula plants grown in a complete nutrient solution.
Nitrogen is the second nutrient most demanded by arugula. However, the positive effect it has on yield can negatively impact the quality of this vegetable, with negative effects on human health. Two experiments (summer and autumn) were carried out to evaluate the effect of N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha−1) on the arugula growth, yield and quality (nitrate content). Each experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four replications. Increasing rates of N reflected positively on leaf N content and thus, higher and desirable values of height, leaf number, leaf area and plant dry mass were obtained in both growing seasons. Consequently, the yield had significant increase, which N was maximized in summer (4.9 kg m−2) and autumn (2.6 kg m−2) and leaf N of 29.4 and 27.0 g kg−1, respectively, at rates of 250 and 213 kg ha−1 and both growing seasons. The higher rate the higher foliar nitrate content of arugula, in summer (2931.3 mg kg−1) and autumn (4218.4 mg kg−1). The foliar nitrate content in both crop season do not reach the risk level to human being heath.
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