Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a Neotropical freshwater fish threatened by overfishing, and one of the species of highest commercial value for aquaculture. Genetic variability analysis through molecular markers is an essential technique to genetic management of the wild and cultivated stocks. The main objective of this study was to identify and validate gene-associated SNPs of the liver transcriptome of pacu. Through genetic analysis in one natural population (Paraná River), 32 polymorphic SNPs were successfully genotyped and validated, some of them related to immune system genes. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.059 to 0.706 and 0.058 to 0.507, respectively. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P [ 0.05). Our results showed useful genomic resources for pacu, with applicability in conservation purposes and aquaculture industry by using SNPs markers. Keywords NGS Á Pacu Á Aquaculture Á Genetic variability Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a Neotropical freshwater fish widely distributed in floodplain areas of the La Plata Basin. Wild populations of pacu are threatened by overfishing (Resende 2003), particularly in Brazil (in São Paulo State, according to the Decree n8 56.031, SSP, 2010), since this species is considered of high commercial value, with large-scale catches by the industrial and recreational fisheries (MPA 2011; IBGE 2014). Furthermore, this nonmodel fish is very important for aquaculture and represents one of the most cultivated species in Brazil, and in aquaculture from other countries in South America (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Argentina) and Asia (China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnan) (Flores Nava 2007; Honglang 2007; FAO 2010). Genetic studies directed to this species are still insufficient and limited in few microsatellites and mitochondrial sequences (Calcagnotto and DeSalle 2009; Iervolino et al. 2010). SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) are caused by point mutations distributed throughout the genome and they have been frequently used in fish genetic studies (Vera et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2016). Moreover, this marker is considered the most adaptable to automation genotyping and able to reveal hidden polymorphisms not detected in others molecular markers (Liu and Cordes 2004). Therefore, due to environmental concerns and economic importance to aquaculture production, the purpose of this study was to develop SNPs marker by liver transcriptome sequencing in pacu, which may provide a better understanding of population structure of this species and the first base information about economically relevant traits for future molecular assisted breeding. To perform the transcriptome sequencing, samples were collected from liver of individuals (5 juveniles and 5 adults) from three different fish farms and in one wild population, and sequenced on Roche/454 pyrosequencing platform. We obtained 212,545 trimmed reads which were

The pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae), is a fish from the Amazon basin and is considered to be one of the main native species used in aquaculture production in South America. The objectives of this study were: (1) to perform liver transcriptome sequencing of pirapitinga through NGS and then validate a set of microsatellite markers for this species; and (2) to use polymorphic microsatellites for analysis of genetic variability in farmed stocks. The transcriptome sequencing was carried out through the Roche/454 technology, which resulted in 3,696 non-redundant contigs. Of this total, 2,568 contigs had similarity in the non-redundant (nr) protein database (Genbank) and 2,075 sequences were characterized in the categories of Gene Ontology (GO). After the validation process of 30 microsatellite loci, eight markers showed polymorphism. The analysis of these polymorphic markers in farmed stocks revealed that fish farms from North Brazil had a higher genetic diversity than fish farms from Southeast Brazil. AMOVA demonstrated that the highest proportion of variation was presented within the populations. However, when comparing different groups (1: Wild; 2: North fish farms; 3: Southeast fish farms), a considerable variation between the groups was observed. The FST values showed the occurrence of genetic structure among the broodstocks from different regions of Brazil. The transcriptome sequencing in pirapitinga provided important genetic resources for biological studies in this non-model species, and microsatellite data can be used as the framework for the genetic management of breeding stocks in Brazil, which might provide a basis for a genetic pre-breeding programme.

Análise da resistência vascular coronariana e do fluxo sanguíneo dos enxertos venosos em revascularização do miocárdioAnalysis of coronary vascular resistance and blood flow of venous graft in coronary artery bypass grafting Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the coronary vascular resistance (CVR) and to analyze the flow differences through grafts in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Methods: Between 17 June and 15 July 2005, we assessed the coronary vascular resistance profile in 10 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery by grafting a section of saphenous vein and checking CVR direct (preoperative) and indirect arterial pressure and blood flow during blood cardioplegic infusion.Results: Significant differences between segments of coronary grafts with flow changes ranging from 36.52 to 100 ml/min were verified.Conclusion: Despite various factors that contribute to success or unsuccess of coronary grafts, the CVR preoperative assessment can be a possible method to estimate blood flow through the coronary graft implant during surgical procedure.

IntroductionThe apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is a single reversible cardiomyopathy often triggered by a stressful event. We aimed to present a case report regarding this disorder.Case presentationHere we present the case of a 77-year-old female hypertensive patient, sedentary and non-smoker, diagnosed with apical ballooning syndrome. We describe the clinical signs and symptoms, changes in markers of myocardial necrosis and changes in the electrocardiogram and coronary angiography.ConclusionThe course of events patient showed clinical improvement with treatment and support was not necessary to administer specific medications or interventions to reverse the situation. After hemodynamic stabilization coronary angiography showed no obstructive lesions and left ventricle with akinesia of the apex and the middle portion of the left ventricle.