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Exigência de lisina e estimativa dos aminoácidos essenciais para tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER, 1818)ABSTRACT Four hundred-fifty (450) 7.7±0.06 g juvenile tambaqui were distributed in 500L boxes, fed a casein, gelatin and free amino acids-based semipurified diet containing six lysine levels (L-lysine HCL 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2,1; 2.4% of the diet), in a completely randomized design, so that their lysine requirements could be determined. Findings demonstrated that diets with rising lysine levels did not influence the assessed zootechnical parameters.Tambaqui presented reduced consumption, low weight gains and high feed conversion with the use of the semipurified diet. This diet affected the hematological parameters significantly with no changes on total proteins and plasmatic glucose. The reduction on the plasmatic cortisol with the increase of lysine in the diet suggests the lower lysine levels to have had an influence on plasmatic cortisol level values. The reduced levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and body lipids with increasing lysine levels suggest a relationship of this amino acid with the accumulation of body lipids. Essencial amino acids demand estimated from tambaqui body amino acids content, showed to be similar to that found for other species and the lysine was estimated at dietary protein 6.0 and 6.2%, through the two utilized methods. The zootechnical performance exhibited by tambaqui, using semipurified diet for the lysine 0.9 to 2.4% interval in the diet did not allow its demand to be determined through dose-response method. RESUMOCom objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina para o tambaqui, 450 juvenis (7,7±0,06 g) foram distribuídos em caixas de 500 litros, alimentados com dieta semipurificada à base de caseína, gelatina e aminoácidos livres, contendo seis níveis de lisina (L-lisina HCL 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8; 2,1; 2,4% da dieta), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os resultados demonstraram que as dietas com níveis crescentes de lisina não influenciaram os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados. O tambaqui apresentou consumo reduzido, baixo ganho de peso e alta conversão alimentar com o uso de dieta semipurificada. Essa dieta afetou significativamente os parâmetros hematológicos e sem alterações nas proteínas totais e glicose plasmática. A diminuição no cortisol plasmático com o aumento de lisina na dieta sugere que níveis mais baixos de lisina influenciaram nos valores de cortisol plasmático. Os níveis reduzidos de triglicerídeos, colesterol e lipídios corporais com o aumento dos níveis de lisina sugerem uma relação deste aminoácido com o acúmulo de lipídios corporais. As exigências dos aminoácidos essenciais, estimados a partir do conteúdo de aminoácidos corporais do tambaqui, foram similares ao encontrados para outras espécies e a lisina foi estimada em 6,0 e 6,2% da proteína dietética pelos dois métodos utilizados. O desempenho zootécnico, apresentado pelo tambaqui, com uso de dieta semipurificada para o intervalo de 0,9 a 2,4% de lisina na dieta, não permitiu determinar a exigência ...

A criação de quelônios tem sido estimulada no Amazonas como uma estratégia de conservação e em 2017, o Conselho Estadual de Meio Ambiente regulamentou a criação comunitária de filhotes de tartaruga (Podocnemis expansa) e tracajás (P.unifilis). Este estudo objetivou avaliar a alimentação natural de filhotes dessas espécies, buscar subprodutos e resíduos locais que pudessem ser utilizados em rações artesanais, avaliar seus valores nutricionais, e testá-los na dieta de filhotes em criações comunitárias no Médio rio Juruá. Primeiro, foram coletadas amostras do conteúdo estomacal dos animais na natureza pela técnica de flushing, sendo a captura feita com malhadeiras (100mX3m) para identificação dos itens alimentares. Também foram coletados os alimentos e subprodutos fornecidos nas criações, e analisados bromatologicamente. Foram capturados 61 quelônios e coletadas 19 amostras de conteúdo estomacal. Foram identificados 23 tipos de folhas e frutos com 13,1-17% de proteína bruta (PB) e analisados subprodutos: vísceras de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), 49-62%PB, torta de muru-muru (Astrocaryum murumuru), 9-13%PB, polpa de macaxeira (Manihot esculenta), 1,9%PB; que foram, posteriormente, usados na elaboração de rações artesanais. Depois, realizou-se ensaio de competição entre filhotes de tracajá e tartarugas alimentados com ração artesanal e com a ração comercial (Nutripiscis TC-45©), e um experimento controle com filhotes alimentados com TC45 e com três diferentes de rações artesanais (variando os ingredientes alternativos e nível proteico 5,8% a 40,1%PB). Verificou-se que, em 5 meses, os filhotes maiores e mais pesados foram os alimentados com TC45 (tartarugas=54,7 ± 4,6g; tracajás=45±2,3g) e ração artesanal T2=35% vísceras pirarucu+35% torta murumuru (tartarugas=42,5 ± 3,1g; tracajás=26,7±1,4g) do que os alimentados  com  rações artesanais de menor nível proteico (tartarugas=27,3 a 28,1g; tracajás=16,1 a 16,5 g).

The present study evaluated practical diets with increasing levels of protein and energy on performance, fillet composition, feed cost, and physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles during the grow-out phase in a net cage system. In an on-farm trial for 90 days 225 pirarucu juveniles with initial weight ± standard deviation of 2025 ± 335 g were fed to apparent satiety with extruded diets containing 37.4 (T-37), 40.8 (T-40), 43.9 (T-43), 45.5 (T-46), and 47.1% (T-49) crude protein (CP), increasing lipid levels, and energy:protein ratio fixed in 10 kcal g-1. Protein and lipid concentrations in the diets influenced the cost, fillet composition, and important physiological aspects of the health maintenance and productive performance of the pirarucu juveniles. Fish fed the T-37 diet had lower concentrations of fat in body cavity, fillet and blood, and had a lower cost associated with feeding. The increase in protein and energy levels in the other diets tested reduced the economic return, did not improve the zootechnical performance and caused physiological changes in the fish.

The present study evaluated the immunophysiological response in Colossoma macropomum fed with different levels of dietary protein in a biofloc system (BFS) and in clear water (CW) and under infection with Aeromonas jandaei. Juvenile tambaqui (9.20 ± 0.23 g) were fed isolipid feed with three levels of crude protein (CP) in the two production systems: BFS24, BFS28 and BFS32 and CW24, CW28 and CW32 with 24, 28 and 32% CP respectively, for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, the physiological conditions (hematology, biochemistry, hormonal and oxidative stress) of the fish were analyzed. The results of erythrogram, cortisol, glycemia and serum biochemistry (p > 0.05) of the fish did not show significant differences between the breeding systems (BFS and CW) and the different protein levels. Tambaqui raised in the BFS showed monocytosis, thrombocytosis and higher respiratory activity of leukocytes, as well as higher glutathione (GSH) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) values (p < 0.05). In the bacterial challenge, after induction of aeromonosis, caused by Aeromonas jandaei, greater survival of fish raised in the BFS was observed. The results suggest that, even at lower protein levels, tambaqui maintain physiological homeostasis and, therefore, it may be possible to use up to 24% CP in the diet in the biofloc system. In addition, after the bacterial infection, this system promoted greater immunological resistance in the fish.

This study aimed to compare tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) aspects when offered different feed protein levels and the water quality of a biofloc (BFT) system vs. a clear water (CW) system. Tambaqui juveniles (9.20 ± 0.23 g) were randomly distributed employing a 2x3 factorial experimental design to evaluate a BFT and CW system and three dietary crude protein (CP) levels (24, 28 and 32% CP) for 60 days. Decreased pH and nitrite (p < 0.05) and increased electrical conductivity, nitrate, turbidity, settleable solids and total suspended solids were observed in the BFT system compared to the CW system (p < 0.05). Tambaqui zootechnical performance in the BFT system indicated better feed conversion, final weight, weight gain, biomass, productivity, specific growth rate and protein efficiency rates and 100% survival for all CP treatments in relation to the CW system. No differences (p > 0.05) were detected in tambaqui nutritional composition and digestive enzymes, except for trypsin, which presented higher activity in fish reared in the BFT system. No statistical differences concerning performance indices were noted for CP levels, regardless of the rearing system, although the results suggest better tambaqui adaptive capacity in the BFT system, through better use of the natural food produced in this system. This estudy indicates that feed containing 24% CP may be offered to tambaqui in both systems, although the BTF system is more efficient for tambaqui farming activities.