Children with developmental language disorders have been shown to be also impaired in rhythm and meter perception. Temporal processing and its link to language processing can be understood within the dynamic attending theory. An external stimulus can stimulate internal oscillators, which orient attention over time and drive speech signal segmentation to provide benefits for syntax processing, which is impaired in various patient populations. For children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and dyslexia, previous research has shown the influence of an external rhythmic stimulation on subsequent language processing by comparing the influence of a temporally regular musical prime to that of a temporally irregular prime. Here we tested whether the observed rhythmic stimulation effect is indeed due to a benefit provided by the regular musical prime (rather than a cost subsequent to the temporally irregular prime). Sixteen children with SLI and 16 age-matched controls listened to either a regular musical prime sequence or an environmental sound scene (without temporal regularities in event occurrence; i.e., referred to as “baseline condition”) followed by grammatically correct and incorrect sentences. They were required to perform grammaticality judgments for each auditorily presented sentence. Results revealed that performance for the grammaticality judgments was better after the regular prime sequences than after the baseline sequences. Our findings are interpreted in the theoretical framework of the dynamic attending theory (Jones, 1976) and the temporal sampling (oscillatory) framework for developmental language disorders (Goswami, 2011). Furthermore, they encourage the use of rhythmic structures (even in non-verbal materials) to boost linguistic structure processing and outline perspectives for rehabilitation.
The aim of this article is to study the early effects of a recent marine reserve on the fish population, the Palavas Coastal Marine Reserve (PCMR), created in 2016 on fishermen initiative. This recent reserve, covering 100 ha and located 2.6 km from the coast at N 43°30.6845, E 3°58.4635, constitutes almost entirely a protected zone, with a ban on any fishing activity. The abundance of the fish populations and the size and biomass of the target species have been studied for the period of the first 4 years of protection. An inventory of fish populations was carried out using the scuba diving transect method in the rocky substrate of three zones: a large enhanced protection zone (EPZ) where only navigation was allowed,, a small restricted zone (RZ), where scuba diving was admitted, and an off-reserve zone (ORZ). Monitoring of this recent reserve shows significant increases in overall abundance and changes in population assemblages within the third year of protection. The biomass of target species tripled in the EPZ showing a refuge effect despite the fact that the fishing ban was not always respected during this implementation period. However, the behaviour patterns of the fish, which are more or less fearful of divers depending on the study area, do not offer an adequate basis for determining differences in populations between the EPZ and the RZ.
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