Purpose To determine the influence of two commonly occurring genetic polymorphisms on exercise, cognitive performance, and caffeine metabolism, after caffeine ingestion. Methods Eighteen adults received caffeine or placebo (3 mg kg −1) in a randomised crossover study, with measures of endurance exercise (15-min cycling time trial; 70-min post-supplementation) and cognitive performance (psychomotor vigilance test; PVT; pre, 50 and 95-min post-supplementation). Serum caffeine and paraxanthine were measured (pre, 30 and 120-min post-supplementation), and polymorphisms in ADORA2A (rs5751876) and CYP1A2 (rs762551) genes analysed. Results Caffeine enhanced exercise performance (P < 0.001), but effects were not different between participants with ADORA2A 'high' (n = 11) vs. 'low' (n = 7) sensitivity genotype (+ 6.4 ± 5.8 vs. + 8.2 ± 6.8%), or CYP1A2 'fast' (n = 10) vs. 'slow' (n = 8) metabolism genotype (+ 7.2 ± 5.9 vs. + 7.0 ± 6.7%, P > 0.05). Caffeine enhanced PVT performance (P < 0.01). The effect of caffeine was greater for CYP1A2 'fast' vs. 'slow' metabolisers for reaction time during exercise (− 18 ± 9 vs. − 1.0 ± 11 ms); fastest 10% reaction time at rest (− 18 ± 11 vs. − 3 ± 15 ms) and lapses at rest (− 3.8 ± 2.7 vs. + 0.4 ± 0.9) (P < 0.05). There were no PVT differences between ADORA2A genotypes (P > 0.05). Serum caffeine and paraxanthine responses were not different between genotypes (P > 0.05). Conclusion Caffeine enhanced CYP1A2 'fast' metabolisers' cognitive performance more than 'slow' metabolisers. No other between-genotype differences emerged for the effect of caffeine on exercise or cognitive performance, or metabolism.

Background The growing interest of the scientific community in trail running has highlighted the acute effects of practice at the time of these races on isolated aspects of physiological and structural systems; biological, physiological, cognitive, and muscular functions; and the psychological state of athletes. However, no integrative study has been conducted under these conditions with so many participants and monitoring of pre-, per-, and postrace variables for up to 10 days over a distance close to 100 miles. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of the performance parameters during a 156 km trail run and 6000 m of elevation gain in pre-, per-, and postrace conditions. The general hypothesis is based on significant alterations in the psychological, physiological, mechanical, biological, and cognitive parameters. Methods The Trail Scientifique de Clécy took place on November 11, 2021. This prospective experimental study provides a comprehensive exploration of the constraints and adaptations of psychophysiological and sociological variables assessed in real race conditions during a trail running of 156 km on hilly ground and 6000 m of elevation gain (D+). The study protocol allowed for repeatability of study measurements under the same experimental conditions during the race, with the race being divided into 6 identical loops of 26 km and 1000 m D+. Measurements were conducted the day before and the morning of the race, at the end of each lap, after a pit stop, and up to 10 days after the race. A total of 55 participants were included, 43 (78%) men and 12 (22%) women, who were experienced in ultra–trail-running events and with no contraindications to the practice of this sport. Results The launch of the study was authorized on October 26, 2021, under the trial number 21-0166 after a favorable opinion from the Comité de Protection des Personnes Ouest III (21.09.61/SIRIPH 2G 21.01586.000009). Of the 55 runners enrolled, 41 (75%) completed the race and 14 (25%) dropped out for various reasons, including gastric problems, hypothermia, fatigue, and musculoskeletal injuries. All the measurements for each team were completed in full. The race times (ie, excluding the measurements) ranged from 17.8206 hours for the first runner to 35.9225 hours for the last runner. The average time to complete all measurements for each lap was 64 (SD 3) minutes. Conclusions The Trail Scientifique de Clécy, by its protocol, allowed for a multidisciplinary approach to the discipline. This approach will allow for the explanation of the studied parameters in relation to each other and observation of the systems of dependence and independence. The initial results are expected in June 2022. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/38027

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