In every somatic disease we can find a psychological element, just as it is not uncommon for numerous physical symptoms to occur in a mental disease. Nowadays, the patient is no longer just the “owner” of the sick organ but is considered and treated as a “whole”. The interpenetration of somatic manifestations with mental health problems forces patients who experience subjective suffering, including mental suffering, from current symptoms to visit specialists from different fields of medicine, and their treatment does not bring about any improvement. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) is one form of therapy that attempts to respond to the needs of an increasing—in recent years—number of patients who demonstrate somatic disorders of a multifaceted nature. The co-occurrence of physical and mental disorders repeatedly makes it impossible to determine which symptoms were the cause and which were the effect; hence, it is difficult to establish clear boundaries between the categories of these disorders and diseases. The therapist, to whom the patient with somatic diseases is eventually referred, may be faced with a diagnostic dilemma, the solution of which will give direction to further psychotherapeutic work. The common feature of this group of patients is a strong focus on physical ailments, while omitting or almost completely ignoring the psychological factors involved. The purpose of this paper is to present the causally diverse circumstances in which a patient with physical symptoms needs diagnosis and therapeutic support from the perspective of a cognitive behavioral approach.
Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia 2018 65Artykuł poglądowy/Review article S t r e s z c z e n i e Zgodnie z teorią przywiązania Bowlby'ego emocjonalna więź matka-dziecko kształtuje się w pierwszym roku życia. Według założeń teorii neurorozwojowej depresji proces ten rozpoczyna się jednak znacznie wcześniej, bowiem doświadczenia emocjonalne z trzech okresów życia (okresu prenatalnego, wczesnego dzieciństwa i adolescencji) mają kluczowe znaczenie dla ujawnienia się choroby. Kształtujące się wówczas połączenia nerwowe tworzące zręby naszej osobowości bazują na przewadze układu limbicznego z ciałem migdałowatym i hipokampem nad "mózgiem racjonalnym" (kora czołowa). Naszym zdaniem istotne znaczenie w kształtowaniu się tych połączeń może mieć właśnie działanie opisanego w prezentowanym artykule układu oksytocyny jako "socjalnego peptydu" warunkującego naszą zdolność przywiązywania się do drugiego człowieka. Zdolność ta stanowi swoistą szczepionkę przeciwko depresji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najnowszych doniesień związanych z rolą, jaką może odgrywać oksytocyna w etiologii i przebiegu zaburzeń depresyjnych nawracających. Dokonaliśmy przeglądu najnowszej literatury -głównie anglojęzycznej -wykorzystując do tego celu bazę Pubmed/MEDLINE (do 31.05.2018 r.). Przy wyszukiwaniu posłużyliśmy się terminami: zaburzenia depresyjne, oksytocyna, przywiązanie, relacja matkadziecko. W analizie wykorzystaliśmy artykuły charakteryzujące się najwyższą poprawnością metodologiczną i merytoryczną.Słowa kluczowe: zaburzenia depresyjne, teoria neurorozwojowa depresji, oksytocyna, więź matka-dziecko. A b s t r a c tAccording to Bowlby's theory of attachment, the mother-child emotional bond is shaped in the first year of life. However, according to the neurodevelopmental theory of depression, this process begins much earlier, because emotional experiences from three periods of life (prenatal period, early childhood, adolescence) are of key importance for the appearance of the disease. Nerve connections forming at the time, forming the foundations of our personality, are based on the predominance of the limbic system with the amygdala and hippocampus over the "rational brain" (frontal cortex). In our opinion, the role of the oxytocin system described in the presented article may play an important role in shaping these connections, as a "social peptide" conditioning our ability to create relationships. This ability is a kind of vaccine against depression. The aim of the article is to present the latest reports related to the possible role of oxytocin in the etiology and course of depression. We have reviewed the latest literature, mainly English-language, using the Pubmed/MEDLINE database for this purpose (until 31/05/2018). We based our search on the terms: depressive disorders, oxytocin, attachment, and mother-child relationship. In the analysis, we used articles that were characterised by the highest methodological and substantive correctness.
Depression is a disorder involving a number of changes in human psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intensity of positive and negative emotions understood both as a state and a permanent personality trait in people with depressive disorders and to determine whether the intensity of positive and negative emotions differentiates healthy people from people suffering from depressive disorders. The study was conducted on 107 individuals – 67 people from the experimental group suffering from depressive disorders and 40 people from the control group with a negative interview in terms of mental and somatic disorders. The following tools were used: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (evaluation of severity of depressive symptoms), STAI Questionnaire (evaluation of anxiety severity as a state and trait) and PANAS Questionnaire (intensity of negative and positive emotions as a state and trait). A significantly higher intensity of positive emotions understood both as a state and a trait was observed in the people not suffering from depression, while the opposite results were obtained with regard to negative emotions, i.e. the individuals suffering from depression recorded lower scores than the healthy persons. It was also shown that the people with depression had higher scores in terms of the level of anxiety as a state and trait. The intensity of positive emotions as a state was significantly higher among the people with the first depressive episode in comparison to the people with recurrent depressive disorders. The severity of depression correlated positively with the intensity of negative emotions as a state both at the time of inclusion in the study and after obtaining a response to the applied pharmacological treatment. Experienced positive and negative emotions, understood both as a state and as a trait, differentiate not only individuals with depression from healthy people, but also patients with the first depressive episode and those with recurrent depressive disorders.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.