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Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.), a fruit found in Central Europe, is used as a traditional ingredient in fruit preserves. In this study, we analyzed seven cultivars of Cornelian cherry growing in Poland and the differences between them in sugar content, total polyphenol content, and total chlorophyll content. Moreover, we measured the antioxidant potential of Cornelian cherry extracts was also measured. Polyphenols were found to be highest in Słowianin, Wydubieckij and Jolico cultivars. The presented research outcomes were extremely different from the results obtained for the other cultivars of Cornelian cherry. The electrochemical analysis of extracts proved that compounds contained in Cornelian cherry had the reducing against peroxyl radicals, which makes these extracts an important class of nutritional antioxidants. Our study showed that electrochemical assessment can replace the standard colorimetric tests in the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of analyzed compounds. Aplicación para el cribado electroquímico novedoso del potencial antioxidante y fitoquímicos en extractos de Cornus mas RESUMEN La cereza de cornalina (Cornus mas L.), una fruta que se encuentra en Europa Central, se usa como ingrediente tradicional para la elaboración de conservas de frutas. El presente estudio analizó siete cultivares de cerezas Cornus mas que crecen en Polonia, así como las diferencias en el contenido de azúcar, el contenido total de polifenoles y el contenido total de clorofila existentes entre ellas. Además, se midió el potencial antioxidante de los extractos de esta cereza. Se constató que los polifenoles son más abundantes en los cultivares de Słowianin, Wydubieckij y Jolico. Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron la existencia de diferencias muy importantes al compararlos con los resultados obtenidos para los otros cultivares de la cereza de Cornus mas. El análisis electroquímico de los extractos mostró que los compuestos contenidos en dicha cereza disminuyen los radicales peroxilo, lo que hace de estos extractos una clase importante de antioxidantes nutricionales. El estudio reveló que la evaluación electroquímica puede remplazar las pruebas colorimétricas estándar en la evaluación del potencial antioxidante de los compuestos analizados.

The aim of the present study was to develop a novel type of probiotic chocolate with the additive Bacillus coagulans bacteria and determine the concentration of polyphenols and their bioaccessibility.

Here we report the results of dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to gas-phase chromium(0) hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6) and benzene-chromium(0) tricarbonyl ((η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3) in the energy range of 0–12 eV. Measurements have been performed utilizing an electron-molecular crossed beam setup. It was found that DEA to Cr(CO)6 results (under the given experimental conditions) in the formation of three fragment anions, namely [Cr(CO)5]−, [Cr(CO)4]−, and [Cr(CO)3]−. The predominant reaction channel is the formation of [Cr(CO)5]− due to the loss of one CO ligand from the transient negative ion. The [Cr(CO)5]− channel is visible via two overlapping resonant structures appearing in the energy range below 1.5 eV with a dominant structure peaking at around 0 eV. The peak maxima of the fragments generated by the loss of two or three CO ligands are blue-shifted and the most intense peaks within the ion yield curves appear at 1.4 eV and 4.7 eV, respectively. (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3 shows a very rich fragmentation pattern with decomposition leading to the formation of seven fragment anions. Three of them are generated from the cleavage of one, two or three CO ligand(s). The energy of the peak maxima of the [(C6H6)Cr(CO)2]–, [(C6H6)Cr(CO)]–, and [(C6H6)Cr]− fragments is shifted towards higher energy with respect to the position of the respective fragments generated from Cr(CO)6. This phenomenon is most likely caused by the fact that chromium–carbonyl bonds are stronger in the heteroleptic complex (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3 than in homoleptic Cr(CO)6. Besides, we have observed the formation of anions due to the loss of C6H6 and one or more CO units. Finally, we found that Cr−, when stripped of all ligands, is generated through a high-energy resonance, peaking at 8 eV.

The influence of landscape on nutrient dynamics in rivers constitutes an important research issue because of its significance with regard to water and land management. In the current study spatial and temporal variability of N-NO3 and P-PO4 concentrations and their landscape dependence was documented in the Świder River catchment in central Poland. From April 2019 to March 2020, water samples were collected from fourteen streams in the monthly timescale and the concentrations of N-NO3 and P-PO4 were correlated with land cover metrics based on the Corine Land Cover 2018 and Sentinel 2 Global Land Cover datasets. It was documented that agricultural lands and forests have a clear seasonal impact on N-NO3 concentrations, whereas the effect of meadows was weak and its direction was dependent on the dataset. The application of buffer zones metrics increased the correlation performance, whereas Euclidean distance scaling improved correlation mainly for forest datasets. The concentration of P-PO4 was not significantly related with land cover metrics, as their dynamics were driven mainly by hydrological conditions. The obtained results provided a new insight into landscape–water quality relationships in lowland agricultural landscape, with a special focus on evaluating the predictive performance of different land cover metrics and datasets.

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