Bruxism is a commonly reported functional para-function of the oral cavity. Its symptoms are quite characteristic and include, above all, excessive clenching and grinding of the teeth. (2) Other complaints most frequently reported by patients are headaches, pain in the temporomandibular joint, excessive tooth abrasion, damage to dentures, waking up at night, visual effect - the so-called "square jaw". The etiology is multifactorial therefore it is difficult to treat its symptoms. Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Its mechanism is based on the reversible inhibition of acetylcholine release in neuromuscular junctions. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin is one of the treatments of bruxism. So far, this method is used off-label. Looking at the promising results of randomized studies on the use of botulinum toxin in bruxism, this may change in the near future. As shown by previous studies, it is not an ideal method, but nevertheless it is one of the most effective and the best for the patient. The downside to the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of bruxism symptoms are, inter alia, contraindications to the use of this drug and the duration of its action - 3-6 months. This systematic review of selected articles and studies aims to examine the available literature in order to determine the effectiveness of the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of bruxism and to assess whether it is currently the most effective method. Pubmed and Google Scholar were searched for literature.
Selenium is one of the most important micronutrients affecting the human body. It plays a crucial role in the thyroid gland, where its concentration is the highest. This element has the ability to remove reactive oxygen species and deiodinate thyroid hormones. Balanced diet and supplements are basic for achieving proper concentration of selenium in human organism. Recently a number of studies have been conducted focusing on the effect of selenium on autoimmune thyroiditis - Hashimoto’s disease. In our study the oral supply of selenium was used, and then the levels of selected parameters were measured. It has been proved that Selenium lowers levels of antithyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Moreover the concentration of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is also lowered by this micronutrient. In this review we draw attention to possible resources of delivery of this element to organisms and the impact it has on the course of the above-mentioned diseases. We come to conclusion that there is a strong correlation between Selenium and the functioning of thyroid gland. Doctor’s awareness and cooperation with the patient in order to establish proper doses of micro- and macronutrients which are taken with basic medications is very important for the therapeutic process. This article is a review of current medical knowledge about Selenium affecting a thyroid gland based on available publications in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.
Childhood obesity is currently a global problem. This disease is spreading among the youngest at an alarming rate. It leads to many complications such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, liver disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and cancer. The risk factors for obesity include socioeconomic factors, poor diet, stress, low physical activity, and genetic factors. Research shows that neglect on each of these levels causes the development of the aforementioned disease. The priority of actions to prevent the occurrence of obesity among children is education about leading a healthy lifestyle from an early age. It should be run by parents, teachers at school and doctors. Currently, a major obstacle in the fight against obesity is the wide and easy availability on the market of processed products that are quick to prepare, high in calories and contain little nutrients. As a result of lack of time or lack of willingness, people more often reach for fast-food dishes, do not play sports, which unfortunately results in the development of the above-mentioned diseases. Undoubtedly, the problem of obesity among children and adolescents is growing. It is therefore important to prevent, quickly detect and treat this disease in its early stages and to build awareness among the population about the dangers of bad habits. This article is a review of current medical knowledge about children obesity based on available publications in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.
Total knee replacement is one of the most widely performed surgeries. It is stated as the most efficient method of treating end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Due to the aging of the population and the prevalence of osteoarthritis, the number of arthroplasties is increasing every day. Such extensive surgical procedures are associated with a large number of postoperative complications, one of which is periprosthetic joint infection. The reported prevalence of PJI out to 2 years after knee replacement is 1.55 %. Misconceptions in the management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can compromise the treatment success. The aim of the following article was to provide an overview of the medical knowledge on the periprosthetic joint infection after the arthroplasty of knee joint. Infections are caused by microbes that can enter the joint, which are most often coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococci, Enterococci and Gram-negative bacteria. Fungal infections are much less common. The diagnostic process requires the involvement of a large group of medical personnel, which is why protocols with algorithms have been created to facilitate and standardize the diagnosis in the direction of periprosthetic joint infections. Mainly used tests from the patient's serum, synovial tests and histology. The positive results of the above tests are taken into account in the assessment of the fulfillment of the major and minor criteria to assess the likelihood of the occurrence of periprosthetic infection. This research paper aims to analyze the latest medical reports on the PJI diagnostic algorithm, laboratory and imaging studies of their effectiveness. This article was written based on analyzing data available in publications in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the leading cause of death. Environmental factors such as smoking, low physical activity and poor diet have the greatest impact on the incidence of the disease. For patients after a cardiovascular incident, cardiac rehabilitation is the key to recovery. One possible path of rehabilitation is sexual activity (SA). Sexual activities are similar to mild/moderate physical activity during a short period. Most patients are recommended to involve in sexual activity after prior comprehensive evaluation of physical condition. Before involving in sexual activity the general condition of the patient needs to be checked. A useful method for this is a stress testing. The patients with stable cardiac symptoms and good functional capacity are at a low risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, and others require treatment or improvement of heart function. The most efficient way to provide SA is a sexual counseling. Evidence suggests that relatively few cardiac patients receive sexual counseling, which can result in negative outcomes ranging from psychological, physical, and quality of life. Sexual problems and concerns are prevalent, including patient and partner fear of causing another heart attack. It is because people still believe that sexual activity is too risky and they cease all of it. Sexual counseling is needed across health care settings to ensure that patients receive information to safely resume SA.
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