Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) arrangements have emerged in response to technological changes driven by digitalisation, increasing flexibility within the labour market, and globalisation. As telework becomes more widespread, these flexible models of work are rapidly expanding to new categories of employees, changing the factors traditionally found to be important for telework eligibility. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of new profiles of teleworkers, examining main factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of different TICTM arrangements. We apply multinomial logistic regression models to a sample of more than 20,000 workers from the 6th European Working Conditions Survey. Our findings confirm the heterogeneity in the profiles of teleworkers, particularly distinguishing by TICTM arrangement. Occasional teleworkers are usually male managers or professionals, but a relevant percentage of highly mobile teleworkers are technicians and associate professionals, while clerical support workers amount to a large group of home-based teleworkers. The majority of occasional and highly mobile teleworkers are still men, but this can no longer be said of home-based teleworkers. The correlations between telework and permanent contracts, full-time jobs, and living in urban areas are weak, showing that TICTM is spreading into more precarious, temporary, and lower-paid jobs, especially among home-based teleworkers and highly mobile teleworkers.

As telework and mobile work arrangements become more widespread with new advancements in digitalization, these flexible models of work are rapidly expanding to new categories of employees and completely modifying working conditions and job quality. The aim of this study was to assess how particular types of telework affect different dimensions of job quality. We applied multivariable techniques to a sample of 35,765 workers from the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey. Our findings show that gender and types of telework by workplace and ICT-use intensity are crucial factors affecting working conditions and job quality. Occasional teleworkers are the group with the best job quality, while highly mobile teleworkers are those with the worst job quality and work–life balance. Home-based teleworkers, especially women, present better results than highly mobile workers in terms of working time quality and intensity, though in exchange for lower skills and discretion, income, and career prospects. This study contributes to deepening our knowledge on the impacts of flexible arrangements of work, providing an analysis of current data on different dimensions of job quality and work–life balance and including gender as a crucial axis of analysis.

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This article investigates the impact of the recent economic crisis and associated austerity agenda on working low educated women in Portugal and Spain. It draws firstly on a comparative analysis of Eurostat Labour Force Survey data, recent reform to the labour market and care policy; secondly, on qualitative research exploring changes in low educated women's employment, family arrangements and values. The findings reveal that in both countries low educated women maintained their labour market attachment but faced increased risks of labour market exclusion, precarity and low pay. However, the weight of women's household income contributions increased in the context of male unemployment and earnings insecurity, which reinforced women's work attachment. Moreover, employment appeared critical to women's identity and associated with egalitarian values. Despite greater protection of equality policies and welfare support for dual-earner families in Portugal, the evidence suggests a negative impact of austerity on work-family reconciliation opportunities for low educated women in both countries.

RESUMENEste artículo realiza un análisis histórico desde la economía feminista de las crisis económicas de los últimos cien años, poniendo de manifiesto tres pautas históricas que nos pueden servir para avanzar en una mejor comprensión de la crisis actual y sobre todo, para garantizar una salida de la crisis con más y no con menos igualdad. La primera es que de las crisis se sale con una intensificación del trabajo de las mujeres, incluyendo el trabajo remunerado y sobre todo, el no remunerado. La segunda que tras la crisis el empleo masculino se recupera siempre antes que el femenino y éste último acaba siempre aún más precarizado que cuando se inicia la crisis; y la tercera que de las crisis se sale con retrocesos en los avances en igualdad conseguidos en épocas de bonanza en lo relativo a la regulación, las políticas de igualdad y las reglas de juego en general.Palabras clave: crisis económica, desigualdad de género. Gender inequality in economic crises ABSTRACTThis article presents a historical analysis of the economic crises of the last hundred years from a feminist economics perspective, highlighting three historical patterns that can help to advance in a deeper understanding of the current crisis and, above all, to guarantee a way out of this crisis with more and not less equality. The first pattern is that crises result in an intensification of women's work, especially the unpaid care work. The second one is that after economic crises male employment recovery is always previous to the female employment, which always ends even more precarious; and the third pattern is that crisis lead to setbacks in the advances made in gender equality in terms of regulation, equality policies and the rules of the game in general.Key words: economic crisis, gender inequality. Investigaciones Feministas INTRODUCCIÓNMujeres y hombres sufren de manera diferenciada los efectos de todas las medidas o coyunturas económicas y especialmente los de una crisis económica de la envergadura de la actual. Esto es así porque mujeres y hombres ocupamos una posición diferenciada y en la mayoría de los casos desigual y desequilibrada en el acceso a los recursos económicos, incluyendo el empleo, la tierra, los recursos naturales o el crédito; en el reparto de tiempos y trabajos; o en el acceso a los espacios de poder, sobre todo los económicos, donde se toman las decisiones que afectan al modelo productivo, la sostenibilidad del Estado de Bienestar y a la ciudadanía en general.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households. Findings Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities. Research limitations/implications The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs. Originality/value The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities.

This paper analyses the consequences of the latest recession and austerity measures for the working and living conditions of women and men in Spain, as well as the extent to which gender and other related inequalities are being modified or aggravated. Women are taking on additional responsibilities in terms of unpaid care work due to welfare cuts and privatization, while still facing discrimination in the labour market and in accessing resources and decision -making centres. This refamiliarization of care, together with increasing job insecurity, could have a major negative impact on the well -being of women and their present and future opportunities, which may endanger the fragile gains achieved in terms of gender equality.

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