Studies related to bacterial biofilm formation are extremely relevant because of their constant association with several human diseases. The organization of this sessile microbial community provides protection against opsonization and phagocytosis. It is responsible for hampering not only the immune system performance against infections but also antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus is part of healthy human microbiota including skin and nasal vestibule. However, many strains have become opportunistic pathogens because of the ability of biofilm formation in implants and medical devices by using them as route of access to bloodstream. S. aureus’ ability of biofilm formation is widely known and it has been responsible for several infections, such as endocarditis, bacteremia and sepsis. Several factors contribute to biofilm formation including expression of specific genes and interaction between proteins involved in adhesion to substrate. This work aims to explore the main aspects related to biofilm formation by S. aureus, using tools as data index bases from the scientific literature: Google Scholar, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Book/eBook, between July 2018 and February 2019, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. This review aims to provide a better understanding of biofilm formation and its impact on host health.
The genome of a novel nontoxigenic
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
strain 5015, isolated from a patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma was sequenced and compared with 117 publically available genomes. This strain is phylogenetically distinct and lacks virulence genes encoding the toxin, BigA and Sdr-like adhesins. Strain 5015 possesses
spaD
-type and
spaH
-type pilus gene clusters with a loss of some gene functions, and 31 unique genes that need molecular characterization to understand their potential role in virulence characteristics.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have been associated with a range of human health issues such as medical device-related infection, localized skin infection, or direct infection, are recognized as comprising the main part of human normal microbiota and associated with severe and intensive infections, causing infections in humans, especially immunocompromised patients and neonates. S. haemolyticus is, after Staphylococcus epidermidis, the second most frequently isolated CoNS from clinical cases, notably from blood infections, including sepsis. The most important factor might be the ability to acquire multiresistance against available antimicrobial agents, even glycopeptides. It is widespread in hospitals and among medical staff, resulting in being an emerging microbe causing nosocomial infections. This review discuss aspects of S. haemolyticus bloodstream infections associated, virulence factors, and the ability of biofilm formation on medical devices surfaces. The great adaptability and the ability to survive in the hospital environment, especially on medical devices, S. haemolyticus becomes a crucial factor in nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant strains.
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