A b a t a t a -d o c e ( I p o m o e a batatas) pertencente à famíliaConvolvulaceae, é uma espécie hexaplóide com 90 cromossomos (2n= 6x= 90), que teve origem na América Tropical, e atualmente é cultivada em todas as zonas tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas do mundo (Roesler et al., 2008; Castro et al., 2009).É a sexta cultura alimentícia mais importante do mundo, com produção global por ano de mais de 105 milhões de toneladas, 95% das quais são cultivadas em países em desenvolvimento (CIP, 2013). Apresenta grande aceitação popular e relevância econômica, pois apesar do baixo custo de produção, quando bem conduzida, oferece retorno relativamente alto, sendo cultivada principalmente por pequenos agricultores.Seu cultivo está distribuído por todo o Brasil, o que se deve, além da riqueza nutricional, à ampla adaptação a diferentes tipos de solo e clima, à facilidade de cultivo e manutenção, à possibilidade de mecanização, à proteção do solo, à alta tolerância à seca, à baixa incidência de ) e a razão CV g /CV e indicaram uma situação favorável para a seleção das características produtividade comercial, produtividade total, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes. Constatou-se que a maioria dos materiais genéticos avaliados é similar com relação aos descritores morfoagronômicos utilizados. Contudo, os cruzamentos entre genitores dissimilares como o clone CNPH 69, o qual destacou-se por sua alta produtividade comercial e total; o clone CNPH 80, que exibiu bom formato e moderada resistência aos insetos de solo e o clone CNPH 60, que apresentou raízes com diâmetro de batata-doce do tipo extra A, podem ser indicados para compor programas de intercruzamentos, visando obter genótipos superiores. Palavras-chave:Ipomoea batatas, dissimilaridade, Análise por Agrupamento Hierárquico, Análise por Componentes Principais, parâmetros populacionais, melhoramento. ABSTRACT Genetic divergence of sweet potato accessions based on morpho-agronomic descriptors of the rootsKnowledge of the genetic divergence in a set of genotypes is of great importance in breeding programs to avoid similar genetic combinations, with a consequent increase of heterotic expression in hybrids and genetic gains in segregating generations. We characterized morpho-agronomically 23 genotypes of sweet potato of the Embrapa Hortaliças' germplasm bank, to use these characteristics to assess the genetic variability among the genotypes by application of the methods Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and to estimate population parameters. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, owned by Universidade de Brasilia ( Brasilia University, UnB), Brasilia, Brazil. Plants were cultivated in field conditions on a randomized blocks design with four replications. Eight characteristics of the roots were evaluated. The coefficients of genetic (CV g ) and environmental (CV e ) variation, the broad sense heritability (h a 2 ) and the ratio CV g / CV e indicated a favorable situation for the selection of the traits marketable yield, ...
The objective of this work was to assess the morphophysiological characteristics and the ionic imbalance in the substrate, roots, and leaves of young oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plants under different levels of saline stress, following a substrate salinization protocol in which the level of salt was known. Bifid oil palm plants were subjected to different NaCl rates (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g NaCl per 100 g substrate on a dry basis), and their morphophysiological responses were evaluated for a period of 12-14 days. This protocol generated different levels of stress due to the gradients of electrical conductivity and water potential in the saturation extract of the substrate, according to the added NaCl. Based on the rates of real evapotranspiration and leaf gas exchange, the osmotic effect of the salt reflected negatively on leaf temperature, on the chlorophyll content index, and on the chlorophyll fluorescence variables. The increase in Na and Cl levels in the saturation extract culminated with the increasing availability of Ca, K, and Mg in the solution and their accumulation in the leaves. However, the plants poorly absorbed Na and Cl. The obtained results are indicative that, for a better characterization of the osmotic and ionic phases of salinity stress, it is necessary to reduce the applied level of salinity stress and to increase the evaluation period.
This work aimed to study the effect of emulsion properties on the microencapsulation of orange essential oil by spray drying. The study was performed using a 2 3 central composite design, where the independent variables were the total solid content (0-30%), the ratio of oil/total solids (0-30%) and the homogenization pressure used for emulsification (0-1000 bar). Whey protein concentrate and 20 DE maltodextrin, mixed in a 1:3 ratio, were used as wall materials. The emulsions were first prepared by blending the oil and the wall solution, using a rotor-stator blender; they were further emulsified using a high pressure homogenizer. All emulsions were characterized for viscosity and droplets mean diameter. Microencapsulation was performed in a laboratory scale spray dryer and particles were characterized for total and surface oil content. From these results, encapsulation efficiency and oil retention were calculated and analyzed as responses, being used for process optimization. In general, the best process responses were obtained at moderate homogenization pressures (400-650 bar), in which emulsions had the smallest droplet diameters. Higher solid content and lower oil concentration resulted in higher encapsulation efficiency and greater flavor retention, which was attributed to the higher viscosity and smaller droplet size presented by the emulsions produced under these conditions.
American oil palm [Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortes] is known to present a much slower palm oil deterioration rate than African oil palm (E. guineensis Jacq.). In the present study, fatty acid composition, total carotenoids, oil content, and free fatty acid content were characterized for five accessions (Careiro, Anori, Manicoré, Coari, and Autazes) belonging to an American oil palm collection maintained as field gene bank by Embrapa. This germplasm collection was originally collected in different areas in the Brazilian Amazon forest. These accessions were subjected to different storage times (1, 7, and 14 d) before processing to evaluate the quality of the oil produced. Oil content of the dried pulp was found to range between 31.36 and 50.34%. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that oleic acid is the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid in all five accessions. After 14 d of fruit storage, these accessions were found to maintain low acidity (free fatty acid content), between 1.33 and 2.66%. Total carotenoid content was presented in high concentrations in all five accessions (>1500 mg kg−1). The estimation of genetic parameters showed, in general, high heritability values (>80%), and the estimated genetic gains were generally very high. Coari and Careiro presented the highest oil yields, whereas Manicoré and Coari presented the lowest acidity. These two characteristics are the most important ones when selecting the best parental donor to develop superior interspecific hybrids.
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