a b s t r a c tAchieving a 'step-change' in energy efficiency behaviours will require enhanced knowledge of behavioural drivers, and translation of this knowledge into successful intervention programmes. The 'Energy Cultures' conceptual framework aims to assist in understanding the factors that influence energy consumption behaviour, and to help identify opportunities for behaviour change. Building on a history of attempts to offer multi-disciplinary integrating models of energy behaviour, we take a culture-based approach to behaviour, while drawing also from lifestyles and systems thinking. The framework provides a structure for addressing the problem of multiple interpretations of 'behaviour' by suggesting that it is influenced by the interactions between cognitive norms, energy practices and material culture.The Energy Cultures framework is discussed in the context of a New Zealand case study, which demonstrates its development and application. It has already provided a basis for cross-disciplinary collaboration, and for multi-disciplinary research design, and has provided insights into behavioural change in a case study community. As the conceptual basis of a 3-year research project, the framework has further potential to identify clusters of 'energy cultures' -similar patterns of norms, practices and/or material culture -to enable the crafting of targeted actions to achieve behaviour change.

The energy cultures framework was developed in 2009 to support interdisciplinary investigation into energy behaviour in New Zealand. In this paper, we discuss the framework in light of 5 years of empirical application and conceptual development. The concept of culture is helpful in seeking to better understand energy behaviour because it conveys how behaviours are embedded within the physical and social contexts of everyday life, and how they are both repetitive and heterogeneous. The framework suggests that the energy culture of a given subject (e.g. an individual, a household, a business, a sector) can be studied by examining the interrelationships between their norms, practices and material culture, and how these, in turn, are shaped by external influences. We discuss the key theoretical influences of the framework, and how the core concepts of the framework have evolved as we have applied them in different research situations. We then illustrate how we have applied the framework to a range of topics and sectors, and how it has been used to support interdisciplinary research, in identifying clusters of energy cultures, in examining energy cultures at different scales and in different sectors, and to inform policy development.

No abstract

No abstract

A median-based quantile estimator suffers less bias from positive outliers, such as unobserved renovations, than a standard mean-based estimator. Quantile repeat-sales estimates for single-family homes in the city of Chicago show nominal price appreciation of 68.9% between 1993 and 2002, substantially smaller than the standard approach's estimate of 77.8%. Omitting observations with building permits reduces the mean and median-based estimates by 4.4 and 1.6 percentage points. The results imply that quality improvements account for much of the rapid rise in house prices, and that a median-based quantile estimator produces a more accurate view of the price performance of a typical house.An ideal house-price index tracks the rate of price appreciation over time for a standard or representative house. 1 Using sample averages to construct the index is generally inappropriate because the house-price distribution is typically asymmetric: the average price is generally higher than the price of a typical house because of the effect of a small number of sales of high-priced homes. Nonacademic estimates of price indexes, such as those reported by the National Association of Realtors or by local newspapers, typically use the sample median sale price during each time period to construct an index. The median reflects the price of a typical house. But the characteristics of the median house in the sample of houses that have sold can change over time. If relatively large or new houses dominate sales during later periods, for example, both mean and median prices may rise faster than the price of a house with a standard set of characteristics.Academic researchers use regression methods to control for the effects of these changes in housing characteristics. One of two common approaches is to estimate a hedonic house price function.

"The inequities inherent in conventional zoning-based policies leave urban-fringe jurisdictions unable to meet the growing demand for permanently preserved open space. Allocating marketable development rights (MDR) among all landowners treats this problem directly. It also leaves open the option of allowing the market to allocate land to undeveloped uses. This paper uses a simple market model to develop a framework that describes the mechanics of such a program and allows comparison with other commonly considered policies. The paper then addresses several concerns policy makers have raised about a market in development rights. Finally, the paper looks at alternative regulatory responses to perceived market failures. The analysis suggests that an MDR program offers significant advantages over existing preservation efforts." ("JEL" Q2, Rl, R5) Copyright 1999 Western Economic Association International.

No abstract

No abstract