In a contextual sense, 'independence, economic wealth, and individual choice are indicative of a high quality of life, but our focus on achieving this status has contributed to the loss of Community' (Sharpe, Mair, & Yuen, 2016, p. 5). In a variety of locations around Edinburgh, Scotland (UK), communities are working to create new and ethically significant food relationships and practices. These are seen as helping to assist a multitude of concerns, including health, increased leisure activities, community engagement, education and sustainability (Kneafsey et al., 2008). ABSTRACT this paper presents the perspectives of participants from three community gardens in edinburgh, Scotland and investigates the role that food growing plays in their recreation and leisure activities, personal development, the development of their children and the impact on their communities. thirty-eight participants were interviewed using qualitative, semi-structured questions to explore their motivations and experiences from their involvement with community gardens. Participant observation was used to better understand the importance of the gardens in their lives. the participants felt the gardens were places that fostered neighbourly engagement, increased leisure opportunities, social support, community health, connectedness, and community diversity. they were also places that promoted knowledge exchange inside the garden and in to the homes of the people and the community itself. anxieties over land use and land reform highlighted how community gardens symbolised empowerment but also showed resistance to the hegemonic structure of local council and government. in effect, the research suggests that community gardens grow much more than just food, they grow community.

This study examines the role that experiential education, in the form of internships, plays in the professional development of hospitality and tourism management students. In particular, it analyzes the internship through an evaluation of job design by both applying J. R. Hackman and G. R. job characteristics model and developing a proposed intern version of that model. The outcomes demonstrate that dimensions of work undertaken during the internship contribute significantly to an individual's satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. A comparison of the 2 models demonstrates that the proposed intern model offers improved R 2 coefficients over the original job characteristics model by using different predictive variables and thus may be seen as a better guide for designing effective internship experiences.

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Purpose A general point of commitment theory is that the more individuals behave in a certain way toward an entity, the more attractive they feel toward that entity. The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether an individual’s perceived attractiveness toward a tourist destination is enhanced by the number of actual visits to each different attraction within the destination, being controlled by satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach In doing so, data were collected from 613 individuals at major tourist attractions and traffic centers in Daejeon Metropolitan City, South Korea. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the findings, and the conclusions drawn indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the number of visits to different attractions and the perceived attractiveness of the destination, as well as the interaction effect between the number of visits to different attractions and satisfaction. Findings The results are supported by literature in the area of commitment theory, in which various authors state that attitudes are evoked by behaviors. Further examination of the findings and conclusions drawn are described in this paper. Practical implications This mechanism should strategically be applied to practical implications to provide more accessible routes to a destination and a networking system. When visitors engage in a community in various ways, they are more likely to continue to engage in a community because they do not prefer to have intangible or tangible costs associated with disengagement. Originality/value This paper is the first application of the concept of commitment traced from its original psychological theory to the field of tourism. The effort justification paradigm of commitment theory postulates that if individuals work or study hard toward a specific goal, they gradually perceive the goal as attractive. This study found that the aforementioned paradigm shift is expanded to various types of behaviors, including that involving travel. This paper contributes to an in-depth understanding of the original commitment theory and its application to tourism.