In unstable emulsion systems, the determination of concentrations is a challenge. The use of standard methods like GC, HPLC, or titration is highly inaccurate and makes the acquisition of precise data for these systems complex. In addition, the handicap of high viscosity often comes into play. To overcome these fundamental limitations, the online FT-IR technique was identified in combination with chemometric modeling in order to improve accuracy. The reactor type used in this study is a bubble column reactor with up to four dispersed phases (solid catalyst, two liquid immiscible substrates, and a gaseous phase). The investigated reactions are solvent free enzymatic esterifications yielding myristyl myristate (10 mPa s) and high viscous polyglycerol-3-laurate (300-1500 mPa s), representative industrial products for cosmetic applications. For both reactions, chemometric models were successfully set up and reproducibly applied in the prediction of progress curves of a new set of experiments. This allows the automated determination of sensitive kinetic and thermodynamic data as well as reaction velocities in high viscous multiphase (bio)chemical systems.
1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-trione (cyclic trimer of CO2) is the product of a four-step synthesis: chlorination of isobutyraldehyde; cyclotrimerization of 2-chloro-2-methylpropanal; dehydochlorination of 2,4,6-tris(2-chloropropan)-2-yl-1,3,5-trioxane; ozonolysis at -80 °C of 2,4,6-tri(propan-2-ylidene)-1,3,5-trioxane. This trioxane-trione is detected in solution at temperatures between -80 to -40 °C, and its conversion to CO2 is monitored by (13)C NMR and FTIR. The CO2 trimer has a half-life of approximately 40 min at -40 °C.
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