Both Deutsch and Loomis have studied the effects of communication on game play in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game, theorizing that communication would increase trust and cooperative play. Both hypotheses were supported (Deutsch, 1958;Loomis, 1959). Scodel, Minas, Ratoosh, and Lipetz (1959) permitted communication on a &dquo;one shot&dquo; basis after 25 trials of the game. Brief communication had only a little influence once conflict was entrenched.In the present study communication is afforded before every trial by means of notes.Both the use and content of the notes are analyzed. A second aspect of this research is the study of the intergroup relationship between the two players. Previous attempts to relate the degree of emotional closeness between existing players to the amount of cooperative play yielded mixed results ( Oskamp andPerlman, 1965, 1966). In our studies, communication and game behavior are compared when &dquo;ingroup&dquo; members play each other, and when they play &dquo;outgroup&dquo; members. Reward parameters have also been manipulated to intensify or minimize the group membership conditions. Finally, an effort has been made here to study the attitudes of the players toward each other before and after the game, to measure trust at all stages of the game, and to relate personality measures to attitudes, trust, communication, and game play.
This study investigated the rating attitudes of supervisors and subordinates and their reactions during public-and private-performance evaluations. 84-women nursing administrators were assigned roles as supervisors and subordinates and given instructions for subordinate-evaluation interviews 24 interviews were conducted, 6 in private and 18 in public, with observers randomly selected from the nursing administrators. The results clearly indicated that supervisors were more negative in their initial subordinate-appraisal ratings than subordinates In addition, observers were more negative in their ratings than participants Finally, when evaluative interviews were conducted publicly, the subordinates experienced a number of negative reactions that were not evident in private interviews. The concepts of psychological distance and role stereotypes were discussed in explaining these results. Additional research should determine whether generalization is possible from these role-playing interactions to work situation dynamics.
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