The developing prefrontal cortex receives a dense serotonergic innervation, yet little is known about the actions of serotonin

Transmitter release in neurons is thought to be mediated exclusively by high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) channels. However, we now report that, in retinal bipolar cells, low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca(2+) channels also mediate neurotransmitter release. Bipolar cells are specialized neurons that release neurotransmitter in response to graded depolarizations. Here we show that these cells express T-type Ca(2+) channel subunits and functional LVA Ca(2+) currents sensitive to mibefradil. Activation of these currents results in Ca(2+) influx into presynaptic terminals and exocytosis, which we detected as a capacitance increase in isolated terminals and the appearance of reciprocal currents in retinal slices. The involvement of T-type Ca(2+) channels in bipolar cell transmitter release may contribute to retinal information processing.

We found that use of allogeneic erythrocyte transfusions to patients undergoing surgical repair of hip fractures was associated with an increased risk of death. This risk started after 90 days from surgery and persisted the length of follow-up.

Outcome after PEG is dependent on demographic factors and patient comorbidities. Given the very low initial complication rates, it may be advisable to delay PEG placement until just prior to discharge in order to prevent unnecessary procedures on those patients who are not likely to survive.

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As surgeons aim to reduce narcotic consumption following procedures, the inclusion of transversus abdominis plane blocks in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols for sacrocolpopexy procedures may help reduce pain and analgesic needs postoperatively.