This paper reports for the first time the observation of stimulated emissions from the gas-liquid interface between two adjacent bubbles in highly ordered foams containing Rhodamine 6 G and surfactant. Stimulated emissions centred at 595 nm were observed when a monolayer of foam (∼liquid fraction 0.11), placed on a highly reflective surface, was pumped with a 532 nm continuous wave laser directed along ∼45°from the direction perpendicular to the substrate. Additionally, using confocal microscopy and micro-photoluminescence, it was found that the liquid fraction of the foam, the gap between two adjacent bubbles and the incidence angle of the laser are important parameters in guiding the light and promoting stimulated emissions at the interface. The adsorption of the polymer and dye increased the local concentration at the narrowest gaps between pairs of bubbles, which led to the formation of hemispherical micelles-dye agglomerates. The presence of the micelles aggregation caused random scattering induced stimulated emission. These results could have a significant impact on a number of applications, such as photocatalytic conversion at bubble interfaces, where TiO 2 can scatter light and hence reaction rates may be increased.
Most complex well trajectories usually have bends and turns. The design requires some considerations to be made from the structure of subsurface formations to be drilled, to the available technology and equipment, as well as economics. When a complex well trajectory is being worked on, the effect of bends/turns in the azimuth is highly critical and care is taken not to exceed a set maximum tolerable dogleg severity. In this work, several well trajectories with varying bends and turns were modelled mathematically, for an easy calculation and pre-survey record presentation of a desired complex directional well trajectory, also from which the overall angle change (dogleg) is observed not to exceed a set maximum tolerable dogleg. A scenario was considered with few assumptions using a specially developed application, WellTIT v. 1.0, which assisted in calculating and presenting survey records to express the need for carefully developed bends in a Complex well trajectory design.
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