Wilson and Watson (1996) identified several factors that were associated with use of memory aids and strategies in a group of people with acquired brain injury. The present study tested these findings, with the aim of identifying the variables that best predict effective use of memory aids after brain injury. One-hundred and one people with memory problems arising from brain injury and their carers were interviewed to identify the aids/strategies used to compensate for memory impairment, and the efficacy of their use. Information relating to variables previously found, or hypothesized to predict use of memory aids, was collected. Use of memory aids correlated with level of independence. External aids such as calendars, wall charts, and notebooks were the most commonly used memory aids. Electronic organizers were not used by many participants. The variables that best predicted use of memory aids were (1) current age, (2) time since injury, (3) number of aids used premorbidly, and (4) a measure of attentional functioning. The implications for rehabilitation services are discussed.
According to microessentialism, it is necessary to resort to microstructure in order to adequately characterise chemical substances such as water. But the thesis has never been properly supported by argument. Kripke and Putnam, who originally proposed the thesis, suggest that a so-called stereotypical characterisation is not possible, whereas one in terms of microstructure is. However, the sketchy outlines given of stereotypical descriptions hardly support the impossibility claim. On the other hand, what naturally stands in contrast to microscopic description is description in macroscopic terms, and macroscopic characterisations of water are certainly possible. This suffices to counter the claim that microdescriptions are necessary. Whether it counters the impossibility claim depends on whether all macroscopic descriptions are stereotypical (stereotypical descriptions presumably being macroscopic). In so far as systematic import of "stereotypical" can be determined, it would seem not. But some macroscopic characterisations have definite affinity with everyday knowledge, which presumably stands in conflict with the spirit of the impossibility claim. Since what is characterised are properties expressed by predicates like "is water", the necessity of identity has no bearing here, and matters of interpretation pose problems for claims to the effect that science fixes the extension of "water" as ordinarily understood.
Putnam's writings have established as philosophical orthodoxy the idea that substance kinds are identified by microscopic structure. The precise nature of the claim is difficult to pin down to a concise quotable formulation, however, and seems to rest on assumptions about how chemical kinds, typified by water, are understood by scientists and laymen which have not been clearly stated. Not only have the scientific details been severely rationed. Putnam is too quick on the dots in exemplifying the features forming his stereotypes, given the poor general characterisation offered of the layman's conception. Any attempt to fill out the list soon runs into the problem of discerning how the line is supposedly drawn between ordinary and scientific descriptions. I suggest that microstructure does not play the leading role in individuating chemical kinds that recent discussions presuppose; rather, there is a complexity and variety at the microlevel which is unified only if seen in relation to single macroscopically distinguished kinds. Some aspects of the systematic role macroscopic features of matter play in determining chemical kinds, in particular thermodynamic criteria for sameness of kind, are outlined in section 1. Section 2 addresses the problem of providing a construal of 'water is H 2 O' and relating micro-to macrodescriptions.
We investigated the relationship between the reporting of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community sample of 66 survivors of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and measures of injury severity, memory, insight, and index-event attributions. Correlational analyses revealed that reporting of PTSD symptoms was related to level of insight and not associated with the severity of survivors' injury, educational background, premorbid or current IQ, or memory impairment. The severity of PTSD symptoms was also associated with external attributions to others of causality for the event.
PTSD symptoms are common following severe TBI. Further research is needed to establish protective and predictive factors for PTSD in TBI groups.
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