The results of this analysis of well-matched transplant recipients show that CIT and DGF are the most important predictors of poor short and long-term graft survival. Therefore, in order to improve the long-term survival of renal allografts efforts should focus on limiting CIT and the damage that occurs during this period and on improving our understanding of DGF.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of epithelial and stromal cells in tumours is thought to have an important role in the progression of epithelial malignancy. We aimed to determine whether the relative proportion of tumour (PoT) was related to survival in colorectal cancer. METHODS: The PoT at the luminal surface was measured by point counting using virtual tissue sections in a series of 145 colorectal cancer cases. The relationship of PoT to clinicopathological parameters including cancer-specific survival was analysed. Modified receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimum cut off points to dichotomise the data for survival analyses. RESULTS: Tumours with PoT-low (p47%) were associated with significantly lower cancer-specific survival when compared to PoT-high (hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 2.087, 95% CI ¼ 1.088 -4.003, P ¼ 0.024). On sub-analysis, the prognostic effect remained significant in colonic tumours (HR ¼ 2.474, 95% CI ¼ 1.132 -5.408, P ¼ 0.019) and tumour, node, metastasis stage III disease (HR ¼ 3.480, 95% CI ¼ 0.325 -9.136, P ¼ 0.007). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that PoT was an independent prognostic marker when adjusted for age, T stage, N stage and extramural vascular invasion (P ¼ 0.017). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a low proportion of tumour cells in colorectal cancer is related to poor cancer-specific survival. A relatively quick, inexpensive and well-established method such as point counting on diagnostic tissue sections could be used to identify a subset of patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy.

Partial exclusion mapping of the nonobese (NOD) diabetic mouse genome has shown linkage of diabetes to at least five different chromosomes. We have now excluded almost all of the genome for the presence of susceptibility genes with fully recessive effects and have obtained evidence of linkage of ten distinct loci to diabetes or the prediabetic lesion, insulitis, indicative of a polygenic mode of inheritance. The relative importance of these loci and their interactions have been assessed using a new application of multiple polychotomous regression methods. A candidate disease gene, interleukin-2 (Il-2), which is closely linked to insulitis and diabetes, is shown to have a different sequence in NOD, including an insertion and a deletion of tandem repeat sequences which encode amino acid repeats in the mature protein.

BackgroundAdmission of infants to hospital with bronchiolitis consumes considerable healthcare resources each winter. We report an analysis of hospital admissions in England over five decades.MethodsData were analysed from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE, 1968–1985), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES, 1989–2011), Oxford Record Linkage Study (ORLS, 1963–2011) and Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet, 2003–2012). Cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes in discharge records. Bronchiolitis was given a separate code in ICD9 (used in England from 1979). Geographical variation was analysed using Local Authority area boundaries. Maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with bronchiolitis and subsequent admissions for asthma were analysed using record-linkage.ResultsAll-England HIPE and HES data recorded 468 138 episodes of admission for bronchiolitis in infants aged <1 year between 1979 and 2011. In 2011 the estimated annual hospital admission rate was 46.1 (95% CI 45.6 to 46.6) per 1000 infants aged <1 year. Between 2004 and 2011 the rates rose by an average of 1.8% per year in the all-England HES data, whereas admission rates to paediatric intensive care changed little (1.3 to 1.6 per 1000 infants aged <1 year). A fivefold geographical variation in hospital admission rates was observed. Young maternal age, low social class, low birth weight and maternal smoking were among factors associated with an increased risk of hospital admission with bronchiolitis.ConclusionsHospital admissions for infants with bronchiolitis have increased substantially in recent years. However, cases requiring intensive care have changed little since 2004.

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We demonstrate there is a place for tumor deposits in the staging of patients with colorectal cancer. However, many questions remain about their definition and the reproducibility and use of this category in special situations, such as after neoadjuvant treatment. These should be the subject of additional research before use as a factor in TNM staging. This work demonstrates the necessity of testing modifications before their introduction.

In contrast with current adult UK practice, tracheostomy for children admitted to intensive care is infrequent, performed late following admission and usually surgical. Practice varies significantly. The death rate for children having a tracheostomy performed was not significantly higher than for children admitted to PICU who did not undergo tracheostomy.

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