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This case-control study examines whether chronic diarrhea at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects survival of human immunodefiency virus–infected patients. Cases (288) were treatment-naive, non-pregnant, adults with self report of frequent loose stool for > 3 weeks at the time ART was initiated. One-third of patients had an enteric pathogen identified including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Control patients (400) did not have diarrhea when initiating ART. At six weeks, mortality was 10% in the patients with diarrhea and 5% in the patients without diarrhea (P = 0.009). Chronic diarrhea in patients requesting ART in Haiti is associated with increased early mortality.

Recently Taylor and Boeyens (1991) showed that the South African Personality Questionnaire has inadequate internal consistency and factorial validity for use in the black population. This paper reports a study supporting their conclusion that scales developed with data from a white sample do not hold together psychometrically or conceptually when used with a black sample. In a sample of white students, Altemeyer's Right Wing Authoritarianism scale, initially developed in Canada, had an acceptable alpha of 0.83, but there was an unacceptable alpha of 0.43 in a black student sample. Item and factor analysis showed that for the black sample there was little structure and that the scale was effectively a set of heterogenous items. This paper presents a detailed discussion of the item and factor analyses and shows how certain items have different connotations for whites and blacks as a result of their different political and cultural histories. Although cultural differences in conservatism can be observed by looking at individual items, a comparison between black and white individuals on the higher order construct of Authoritarianism cannot be made. It is concluded that basic conceptual work based on the phenomenology of the concept being measured needs to precede the psychometric development of scales for use in the black community.

The computing education community expects modern curricular guidelines for information technology (IT) undergraduate degree programs by 2017. The authors of this work focus on eliciting and analyzing Latin American academic and industry perspectives on IT undergraduate education. The objective is to ensure that the IT curricular framework in the IT2017 report articulates the relationship between academic preparation and the work environment of IT graduates in light of current technological and educational trends in Latin America and elsewhere. Activities focus on soliciting and analyzing survey data collected from institutions and consortia in IT education and IT professional and educational societies in Latin America; these activities also include garnering the expertise of the authors. Findings show that IT degree programs are making progress in bridging the academic-industry gap, but more work remains. CCS Concepts CCS → Social and professional topics → Professional topics → Computing education → Computing education programs → Information technology education Keywords Information technology, IT, IT in Latin America, academia and industry, Latino IT curriculum "Information Technology (IT) in its broadest sense encompasses all aspects of computing technology. IT, as an academic discipline, is concerned with issues related to advocating for users and meeting their needs within an organizational and societal context through the selection, creation, application, integration and administration of computing technologies." 1.2 Brief History of Computing and IT Education in Latin America The history of computing in Latin America started at the end of the 1950s when the first computers were introduced in countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile. According to Ivan da Costa [27], the Latin American history in computing was influenced by relationships with the United States, Western Europe, and other developed nations, plus the European roots (i.e., Spain and Portugal) of all Latin American countries. Additionally, economic, political, and social issues occurring in each country influenced the development of computing-related projects and education programs.

Artículo de publicación ISIStateful aspects can react to the trace of a program execution; they can support modular implementations of several crosscutting concerns like error detection, security, event handling, and debugging. However, most proposed stateful aspect languages have specifically been tailored to address a particular concern. Indeed, most of these languages differ in their pattern languages and semantics. As a consequence, developers need to tweak aspect definitions in contortive ways or create new specialized stateful aspect languages altogether if their specific needs are not supported. In this paper, we describe ESA, an expressive stateful aspect language, in which the pattern language is Turing-complete and patterns themselves are reusable, composable first-class values. In addition, the core semantic elements of every aspect in ESA areopen to customization. We describe ESA in a typed functional language. We use this description to develop a concrete and practical implementation of ESA for JavaScript. With this implementation, we illustrate the expressiveness of ESA in action with examples of diverse scenarios and expressing semantics of existing stateful aspect languages