A multipass absorption cell, based on an astigmatic variant of the off-axis resonator (Herriott) configuration, has been designed to obtain long path lengths in small volumes. Rotation of the mirror axes is used to obtain an effective adjustability in the two mirror radii. This allows one to compensate for errors in mirror radii that are encountered in manufacture, thereby generating the desired reentrant patterns with less-precise mirrors. Acombination of mirror rotation and separation changes can be used to reach a variety of reentrant patterns and path lengths with a fixed set of astigmatic mirrors. The accessible patterns can be determined from trajectories, as a function of rotation and separation, through a general map of reentrant solutions. Desirable patterns for long-path spectroscopy can be chosen on the basis of path length, distance of the closest beam spot from the coupling hole, and tilt insensitivity. We describe the mathematics and analysis methods for the astigmatic cell with mirror rotation and then describe the design and test of prototype cells with this concept. Two cell designs are presented, a cell with 100-m path length in a volume of 3 L and a cell with 36-m path length in a volume of 0.3 L. Tests of low-volume absorption cells that use mirror rotation, designed for fast-flow atmospheric sampling, show the validity and the usefulness of the techniques that we have developed.

We present initial results obtained from an optical absorption sensor for the monitoring of ambient atmospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations (0-200 ppb). This sensor utilizes cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy, a technology related to cavity ringdown spectroscopy. A modulated broadband incoherent light source (a 430-nm LED) is coupled to an optically resonant cavity formed by two high-reflectivity mirrors. The presence of NO(2) in the cell causes a phase shift in the signal received by a photodetector that is proportional to the NO(2) concentration. The sensor, which employed a 0.5-m cell, was shown to have a sensitivity of 0.3 ppb in the photon (shot) noise limit. Improvements in the optical coupling of the LED to the resonant cavity would allow the sensor to reach this limit with integration times of 10 s or less (corresponding to a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of <1 x 10(-8) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2)). Over a 2-day-long period of ambient atmospheric monitoring, a comparison of the sensor with an extremely accurate and precise tunable diode laser-based absorption spectrometer showed that the CAPS-based instrument was able to reliably and quantitatively measure both large and small fluctuations in the ambient nitrogen dioxide concentration.

We describe a robust, compact, field deployable instrument (the CAPS PM ssa ) that simultaneously measures airborne particle light extinction and scattering coefficients and thus the single scattering albedo (SSA) on the same sample volume. With an appropriate change in mirrors and light source, measurements have been made at wavelengths ranging from 450 to 780 nm. The extinction measurement is based on cavity attenuated phase shift (CAPS) techniques as employed in the CAPS PM ex particle extinction monitor; scattering is measured using integrating nephelometry by incorporating a Lambertian integrating sphere within the sample cell. The scattering measurement is calibrated using the extinction measurement. Measurements using ammonium sulfate particles of various sizes indicate that the response of the scattering channel with respect to measured extinction is linear to within 1% up to 1000 Mm ¡1 and can be extended further (4000 Mm ¡1 ) with additional corrections. The precision in both measurement channels is less than 1 Mm ¡1 (1s, 1s). The truncation effect in the scattering channel, caused by light lost at extreme forward/backward scattering angles, was measured as a function of particle size using monodisperse polystyrene latex particles (n D 1.59). The results were successfully fit using a simple geometric model allowing for reasonable extrapolation to a given wavelength, particle index of refraction, and particle size distribution, assuming spherical particles. For sub-micron sized particles, the truncation corrections are comparable to those reported for commercial nephelometers. Measurements of the optical properties of ambient aerosol indicate that the values of the SSA of these particles measured with this instrument (0.91 § 0.03) using scattering and extinction agreed within experimental uncertainty with those determined using extinction measured by this instrument and absorption measured using a multi-angle absorption photometer (0.89 § 0.03) where the uncertainties are derived from best estimates of the accuracy of the two approaches.

We present laboratory and field measurements of aerosol light extinction (σ ep ) using an instrument that employs Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS) spectroscopy. The CAPS extinction monitor comprises a light emitting diode (LED), an optical cavity that acts as the sample cell, and a vacuum photodiode for light detection. The particle σ ep is determined from changes in the phase shift of the distorted waveform of the square-wave modulated LED light that is transmitted through the optical cell. The 3-σ detection limit of the CAPS monitor under dry particle-free air is 3 Mm -1 for 1s integration time. Laboratory measurements of absolute particle extinction cross section (σ ext ) using non-absorbing, monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres are made with an average precision of ±3% (2-σ ) at both 445 and 632 nm. A comparison with Mie theory scattering calculations indicates that these results are accurate within the 10% uncertainty stated for the particle number density measurements. The CAPS extinction monitor was deployed twice in 2009 to test its robustness and performance outside of the laboratory environment. During these field campaigns, a co-located Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) provided particle light absorption coefficient (σ ap ) at 635 nm: the single scattering albedo (ω) of the ambient aerosol particles was estimated by combining the CAPS σ ep measured at 632 nm with the MAAP σ ap data. Our initial results show the high potential of the CAPS as lightweight, compact instrument to perform precise and accurate σ ep measurements of atmospheric aerosol particles in both laboratory and field conditions.

We present results obtained from a greatly improved version of a previously reported nitrogen dioxide monitor (Anal Chem. 2005, 77, 724-728) that utilizes cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy (CAPS). The sensor, which detects the optical absorption of nitrogen dioxide within a 20 nm bandpass centered at 440 nm, comprises a blue light emitting diode, an enclosed stainless steel measurement cell (26 cm length) incorporating a resonant optical cavity of near-confocal design and a vacuum photodiode detector. An analog heterodyne detection scheme is used to measure the phase shift in the waveform of the modulated light transmitted through the cell induced by the presence of nitrogen dioxide within the cell. The sensor, which operates at atmospheric pressure, fits into a 19 in.-rack-mounted instrumentation box, weighs 10 kg, and utilizes 70 W of electrical power with pump included. The sensor response to nitrogen dioxide (calculated as the cotangent of the phase shift) is demonstrated to be linear (r2 > 0.9999) within +/- 1 ppb over a range of 0-320 ppb (by volume). The device exhibits a detection limit (3sigma precision) of less than 60 parts per trillion (0.060 ppb) with 10 s integration, a value derived from measurements at NO2 concentration levels of both 0 and 20 ppb; the detection limit improves as the integration time is increased to several hundred seconds. The observed baseline drift is less than +/- 0.5 ppb overthe course of a month. An intercomparison of measurements of ambient NO2 concentrations over several days using this sensor with a quantum cascade laser-based infrared absorption spectrometer and a standard chemiluminescence-based NOx analyzer is presented. The data from the CAPS sensor are highly correlated (r2 > 0.99) with the other two instruments. The absolute agreement between the CAPS and each of the two other instruments is within the expected statistical noise associated with the infrared laser-based absorption spectrometer (+/- 0.3 ppb with 10 s sampling) and chemiluminescence analyzer (+/- 0.4 ppb with 60 s averaging). The major limitation concerning accuracy is a direct spectral interference with phototchemically produced 1,2-dicarbonyl species (e.g., glyoxal, methylglyoxal). However, this interference can be readily removed by shifting the detection band to a slightly longer wavelength and ensuring that the lower edge of the detection band is greater than 455 nm.

Exchanges of methane and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the Arctic tundra were measured continuously near Bethel, Alaska (61ø05.41'N, 162ø00.92'W), for 5 weeks during July and August 1988. Fluxes were obtained directly using eddy correlation at 12-m altitude, and concentrations were measured sequentially at eight altitudes between 0 and 12 m. A prototype differential infrared absorption methane instrument based on a Zeeman-split HeNe laser was used for determination of methane and a flame ionization detector for total hydrocarbons (TI-IC). Methane was found to account for nearly all the THC concentrations and fluxes. Methane fluxes at the tower site were apportioned to various methane-producing habitats, using a satellite image to classify surface vegetation at 20 x 20 m resolution. The "footprint" of the tower was computed using a Gaussian plume model for dispersion in the surface layer. . About 6% of the seasonal net uptake was returned to the atmosphere as methane.

Abstract. An evaluation of the Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift particle light extinction monitor (CAPS PMex) using a combination of a 3-wavelength Integrating Nephelometer (NEPH) and a 3-wavelength filter-based Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) was carried out using both laboratory-generated test particles and ambient aerosols. An accurate determination of a fixed pathlength correction for the CAPS PMex was made by comparing extinction measurements using monodisperse PSL spheres in combination with Mie scattering calculations to account for the presence of PSL conglomerates. These studies yielded a linear instrument response over the investigated dynamical range from 20 to 450 Mm−1 (10−6 m−1) with a linear correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.98. The adjustment factor was determined to be 1.05 times that previously reported. Correlating CAPS extinction to extinction measured by the NEPH + PSAP combination using laboratory-generated polydisperse mixtures of purely scattering ammonium sulfate and highly absorbing black carbon provided a linear regression line with slope m = 1.00 (R2 = 0.994) for single-scattering albedo values (λ = 630 nm) ranging from 0.35 (black carbon) to 1.00 (ammonium sulfate). For ambient aerosol, light extinction measured by CAPS was highly correlated (R2 = 0.995) to extinction measured by the NEPH + PSAP combination with slope m = 0.95.

We present details of an apparatus capable of measuring optical extinction (i.e., scattering and/or absorption) with high precision and sensitivity. The apparatus employs one variant of cavity enhanced detection, specifically cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy, using a near-confocal arrangement of two high reflectivity (R approximately 0.9999) mirrors in tandem with an enclosed cell 26 cm in length, a light emitting diode (LED), and a vacuum photodiode detector. The square wave modulated light from the LED passes through the absorption cell and is detected as a distorted wave form which is characterized by a phase shift with respect to the initial modulation. The amount of that phase shift is a function of fixed instrument properties-cell length, mirror reflectivity, and modulation frequency-and of the presence of a scatterer or absorber (air, particles, trace gases, etc.) within the cell. The specific implementation reported here employs a blue LED; the wavelength and spectral bandpass of the measurement are defined by the use of an interference filter centered at 440 nm with a 20 nm wide bandpass. The monitor is enclosed within a standard 19 in. rack-mounted instrumentation box, weighs 10 kg, and uses 70 W of electrical power including a vacuum pump. Measurements of the phase shift induced by Rayleigh scattering from several gases (which range in extinction coefficient from 0.4-32 Mm(-1)) exhibit a highly linear dependence (r(2)=0.999 97) when plotted as the co-tangent of the phase shift versus the expected extinction. Using heterodyne demodulation techniques, we demonstrate a detection limit of 0.04 Mm(-1) (4 x 10(-10) cm(-1)) (2sigma) in 10 s integration time and a base line drift of less than +/-0.1 Mm(-1) over a 24 h period. Detection limits decrease as the square root of integration time out to approximately 150 s.