β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, has long been supplemented as a Ca salt (Ca-HMB) to increase strength and performance gains with exercise and to reduce recovery time. Recently, the free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA) has become commercially available in capsule form (gelcap). The current study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of HMB using the two commercially available capsule forms of HMB-FA and Ca-HMB. We also compared the pharmacokinetics of each form when administered mixed in water. Ten human subjects (five male and five female) were studied in a randomised crossover design. There was no significant sex by treatment interaction for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured. HMB-FA administered in capsules was more efficient than Ca-HMB capsule at HMB delivery with a 37 % increase in plasma clearance rate (74·8 (SEM 4·0) v. 54·5 (SEM 3·2) ml/min, P < 0·0001) and a 76 % increase in peak plasma HMB concentration (270·2 (SEM 17·8) v. 153·9 (SEM 17·9) μmol/l, P < 0·006), which was reached in one-third the time (P < 0·009). When HMB-FA and Ca-HMB were administered in water, the differences still favoured HMB-FA, albeit to a lesser degree. Plasma HMB with HMB-FA administered in water was greater during the early phase of absorption (up to 45 min postadministration, P < 0·05); this resulted in increased AUC during the first 60 min after administration, when compared with Ca-HMB mixed in water (P < 0·03). In conclusion, HMB-FA in capsule form improves clearance rate and availability of HMB compared with Ca-HMB in capsule form.Key words: β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate: Free acid form of hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate: Calcium salt of hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate: Gelcaps: Capsules: ClearanceThe leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has a long history of use as a nutritional supplement for enhancing recovery, and for increasing strength, power, aerobic performance and lean body mass with exercise (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) . HMB improves muscle protein balance by decreasing muscle protein breakdown and by increasing muscle protein synthesis (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) , resulting in reduced muscle damage and faster and improved recovery (3,12,13) . These benefits with HMB to improve muscle performance with vigorous exercise have generally been achieved with the Ca salt of HMB (Ca-HMB) administered in capsule form. However, as shown in previous studies, and confirmed by the findings of the current study, peak plasma levels of HMB are not reached until approximately 120 min after ingestion of Ca-HMB, which makes it inconvenient for scheduling exercise sessions to coincide with peak plasma HMB levels (14,15) . In this study, we show that the time to peak HMB level decreased by two-thirds when HMB was delivered as the free acid in capsule form (HMB-FA), thus making it more convenient to time peak HMB level with exercise.The anabolic stimulus of exercise results in an increase in muscle protein synthesis in as little as 1 h postexercise (16) , and it can persist for up to 48 h postexercise (17) ....
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and Vitamin D3 (D) would enhance muscle function and strength in older adults. Older adults over 60 years of age with insufficient circulating 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D (25OH-D) levels were enrolled in a double-blinded controlled 12-month study. Study participants were randomly assigned to treatments consisting of: (a) Control + no exercise; (b) HMB+D + no exercise; (c) Control + exercise, and (d) HMB+D + exercise. The study evaluated 117 participants consisting of multiple measurements over the 12 months that included body composition, strength, functionality, and questionnaires. HMB+D had a significant benefit on lean body mass within the non-exercise group at 6 months (0.44±0.27kg, HMB+D vs. -0.33±0.28kg control, p<0.05). In non-exercisers, improvement in knee extension peak torque (60°/sec) was significantly greater in HMB+D supplemented participants than in non-supplemented group (p=0.04) at 3 months, 10.9 ± 5.7Nm and -5.2 ± 5.9Nm, respectively. A composite functional index, integrating changes in handgrip, Get Up, and Get Up and Go measurements, was developed. HMB+D + no exercise resulted in significant increases in the functional index compared to those observed in the control + no exercise group at 3 (p=0.03), 6 (p=0.04), and 12 months (p=0.04). Supplementation with HMB+D did not further improve the functional index within the exercising group. This study demonstrated the potential of HMB and Vitamin D3 supplementation to enhance muscle strength and physical functionality in older adults, even in individuals not engaged in an exercise training program
The leucine metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB) has a long, successful history as an ergogenic aid for enhancing strength, performance, body composition, aerobic fitness, and recovery. Probiotic supplements have been associated with improved digestive health, improved immune function, and lower inflammation. Bacillus coagulans GBI‐30, 6086, has been linked to improved nutrient absorption, specifically protein digestion, potentially through optimizing gut microbiota composition and increased proteolytic activity. In a prior study, combined supplementation with HMB and B. coagulans GBI‐30, 6086 during intense military training attenuated inflammation and helped maintain muscle integrity better than did HMB alone. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of supplementation with the spore‐forming probiotic B. coagulans on the kinetics of calcium HMB (CaHMB) and HMB free acid (HMB‐FA). We hypothesized that probiotic supplementation would improve the kinetic profile of HMB, thus improving HMB bioavailability. Six male participants (26.5 ± 1.4 years; 76.4 ± 4.9 kg) were randomly assigned to receive 0.8 g of HMB as either CaHMB (n=3) or HMB‐FA (n=3) (myHMB, TSI, Missoula, MT). Within 7 days of the first study visit, participants began a 14‐day course of daily probiotic supplementation with 2 billion CFU B. coagulans GBI‐30, 6086 (Digestive Advantage, Schiff Vitamins, Salt Lake City, UT). We compared HMB (pooled CaHMB and HMB‐FA data) pharmacokinetics before (HMB alone, Figure 1) and after the 14‐day course of daily probiotic supplementation (HMB + Probiotic, Figure 1). Two weeks of probiotic supplementation increased peak plasma HMB levels by 16% (p < 0.05). Total HMB exposure (area under the curve) was 19% (p < 0.05) higher following probiotic supplementation. Probiotic supplementation did not affect the time to reach peak HMB levels, HMB half‐life, or plasma clearance of HMB. Approximately 20% of the consumed HMB dose was excreted in urine over 24 hours, with no effect of probiotic supplementation on HMB excretion (percent excreted = 20 ± 3 and 19 ± 4% before and after probiotic supplementation, respectively). In conclusion, 14 days of probiotic supplementation improved the absorption and bioavailability of β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB), which may enhance HMB's effectiveness.
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