Abstract. Data sets from most satellite experiments focus on global dynamics by integrating daily conditions over long periods, rather than local dynamics over short timescales. Reports from the ground-based 1993 airborne lidar and observations of the Hawaiian airglow/airborne noctilucent cloud campaigns (ALOHA/ANLC-93), with their high temporal and spatial resolution, have described the dynamic nature of the night airglow, or nightglow. Recognizing this dynamic activity, we note that space-based observations currently made from satellites will only poorly complement ground-based observations. Space-based observations that can be correlated to observations over a ground-based site are possible for only a few minutes per day. Ground-based observations can be complemented by space-based observations only by experiments operating in snapshot mode and using a high-performance instrumentation during the limited flight time over a ground station. The only space platform currently capable of supporting such experimentation is the space shuttle, or Space Transportation System (STS). In the future, appropriate payloads should be planned and deployed on the International Space Station to take advantage of its similar capabilities. The night airglow layer at the Earth's limb was monitored by the Arizona Airglow Experiment (GLO) from the space shuttle Endeavour throughout its 12-day STS 69 mission in September 1995. When the nightglow was observed from above, the 02 atmospheric band system was conspicuous. Patches of enhanced emission 2500-5000 km in lateral extent were observed. Intensity changes by a factor of 4 were common. Similar activity has been reported in data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) remote sensing experiments high-resolution Doppler imager (HRDI) and wind imaging inferometer (WINDII). The 02(0,0) band emission cannot be observed from the ground because the intervening 02 atmosphere overhead is optically thick to this emission. However, the 02(0,0) band emission is the brightest in the nightglow spectrum observed from orbit. It is 22 times brighter than the 02(0,1) band, which is monitored regularly by ground-based observers. Thus the intense signature of the 02(0,0) band can be used as an indicator of dynamic activity in the nightglow emission layer.
Storms From the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather expounds on a term that is now familiar to the general public. In the United States, educational programming about space weather routinely appears on the Public Broadcasting System, the Discovery Channel, the Learning Channel, and other networks. Space weather articles appear in the popular press around the world, while AGU members often read about the topic in Eos and Physics Today. Indeed, during recent AGU meetings in San Francisco and Boston, attendees enjoyed free screenings of the IMAX movie “Solar Max,” which received standing ovations from appreciative audiences. However, there have been few documents describing space weather in its full historical, economic, technological, and political context. This book attempts to fill that niche.
ForewordThe 1999 Ionospheric Effects SHnposimn (IES 99) was held May 4-6, 1999 at the Rmnada Plaza Old Town in Alexandria, Virginia. This special section of Radio Science contains a broad selection of papers delivered at IES 99. Over 90 talks and papers, as well as over a dozen posters and de•nonstrations, were presented during the Symposimn.
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