Context White light (WL) cystoscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) comprise the current gold standard technique for detecting and grading bladder cancer. However, with WL cystoscopy, recurrence following initial TURBT is high, and identification of smaller tumours and carcinoma in situ is poor. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) has been developed to improve the detection of bladder. Objective To assess the effect of PDD-guided TURBT compared with WL on recurrence rates (RRs) in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Evidence acquisition A systematic review of the literature from inception to April 2020 using Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was undertaken. Randomised control trials comparing TURBT undertaken with PDD to WL that reported RRs of at least 12 mo were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes were RRs at 12 and 24 mo. The secondary outcomes were reported adverse effects. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Evidence synthesis Twelve randomised controlled trials (2288 patients) were included for the meta-analysis. PDD was found to reduce RRs at 12 mo (RR 0.73, confidence interval [CI] 0.60–0.88) and 24 mo (RR 0.75, CI 0.62–0.91). There was an increased risk of recurrence for patients undergoing WL at 12 mo (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, CI 1.05–1.23) and 24 mo (HR 1.25, CI 1.15–1.35). Two studies reported recurrence data at 60 mo showing statistically significant outcomes in favour of PDD: one showed lower RRs for PDD (49% PDD vs 68% WL), whilst the other showed increased recurrence-free survival (68.2% PDD vs 57.3% WL). Adverse effects appeared to be minimal, though poorly reported. A GRADE analysis showed the evidence to be of moderate certainty overall. Conclusions This systematic review found that PDD reduced RRs and improved recurrence-free survival compared with WL in NMIBC over at least 2-yr follow-up. These effects may persist up to 5 yr. Further research in a pragmatic study looking at longer-term outcomes beyond 24 mo will help guide recommendations on clinical adoption. Patient summary This review suggests that photodynamic diagnosis, compared with white light cystoscopy, improves recurrence-free survival in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer over at least 2 yr of follow-up. However, confirmatory pragmatic studies with longer-term outcomes are required for its clinical adoption.

Purpose of Review Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is uncommon accounting for less than 10% of all urothelial tumours. Ureteroscopic management (URS) is the first line treatment for low-risk disease and has been increasingly utilised due to technological advances and increasing surgical experience. This review looks at patient outcomes relating to URS, emerging technologies and the role of adjuvant intracavitary therapy in the management of UTUC. Recent Findings URS has firmly established itself in the management algorithm for UTUC, and a good body of evidence supports its use for low-risk disease, wherein oncological outcomes are comparable to traditional nephroureterectomy (RNU). Larger tumours can now be managed using URS with a lower morbidity than radical surgery, though with higher associated local recurrence rate and risk of progression to RNU, and as a result, patient selection and close surveillance remains key. There is limited evidence for adjuvant intracavitary therapy (Mitomycin C or BCG) in UTUC although the development of novel polymers and biodegradable stents may improve drug delivery to the upper urinary tract. Summary URS has a clearly defined role in low-risk UTUC, and its use in larger tumours appears to be appropriate in a selected cohort of patients. The efficacy of adjuvant intracavitary therapy is as of yet undetermined, though developments in delivery techniques are promising. Likewise further developments of laser technology are anticipated to further expand the role of URS.

To assess the effect of narrow band imaging-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumor compared with white light on recurrence rates in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A systematic review of the literature from inception to November 2020 using Medline, EMBASE and CENTRAL was undertaken. Randomized controlled trials comparing transurethral resection of bladder tumor undertaken with narrow band imaging with those undertaken with white light that reported recurrence rates of at least 12 months were included in the analysis. Primary outcomes were recurrence rates at 12 and 24 months. Secondary outcomes were reported adverse effects. A total of 387 abstracts were screened, of which 14 full text identified and three studies included in the meta-analysis (921 patients). Meta-analysis did not show a statistically significant benefit to narrow band imaging at 12 months; risk ratio 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.50-1.14, P = 0.18, I 2 = 61%). No included studies provided recurrence data beyond 12 months. Adverse effects were reported in one study and no significant difference of complication rate was observed between the two groups. Risk of bias was assessed to be generally low, and grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluations were of high certainty. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials shows no difference in recurrence rates using narrow band imaging, although a trend in its favor was identified. Limitations include the varied reporting and administration of adjuvant therapies. Further well-designed trials are required to examine the benefit of this technology.

Prostate cancer is a common and increasing malignancy in men. Tissue is generally obtained using prostate biopsy for diagnosis and risk stratification. There are many prostate biopsy techniques. Historically, the transrectal approach has been the most adopted. In many centers, however, there has a been a shift towards transperineal Note to the Reader: This chapter is part of the book Urologic Cancers (ISBN: 978-0-6453320-5-6), scheduled for publication in July 2022. The book is being published by Exon Publications,

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