This is a systematic account of the species of Chironomidae from Australia based mainly on collections in Australian museums, the British Museum, and the United States National Museum. One hundred and twenty-nine species are described, 69 of them new, and keys are given to subfamilies, genera, and species. The classification proposed by Brundin (1956) has been adopted; in this, the subfamilies Diamesinae, Clunioninae, and Corynoneurinae are treated as, at the most, tribes of the subfamily Orthocladiinae. Type specimens of species described by Macquart, Walker, and Skuse have been examined and the species redescribed and figured; an attempt has been made to identify Kieffer's species, the types of which are probably lost. Some account is given of the composition of the fauna, and the presence of an element in the more primitive genera similar to the fauna of the southern part of South America has been noted.
I^^ Part IV the other half of the large tribe Chironomini of the subfamily Chironominae is treated together with the tribe Tanytarsini. This half of the Chironomini includes the genera that normally have only one spur on the posterior tibia, that is, Polypedilum and its allies. Part IV is of interest because it includes no less than 15 of the 25 genera erected by ENTOM.6, II.264 A STUDY OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE OF AFRICAKieffer in 192 1 for African species of the Chironomini ; these genera have remained virtually unknown since their description, but of the 15 it has been possible to redescribe or synonymize 13, only two remaining quite unknown.In accordance with the principles used in previous Parts, the large genera used by Edwards in 1929 have been broken up into smaller units, so that the classification approaches that of Goetghebuer. Eight genera are recognized in this half of the Chironomini, two more are mentioned because they have been described by Kieffer but have not been recognized, more than 60 species are described, nine being new.In the tribe Tany tarsini four genera are used, Tanytarsus being employed with four subgenera ; nearly 30 species are treated, eight being new. It is probable that further collecting of these tiny insects will add considerably to the number of species.Additional notes are also given of the distribution of the species of the family in Africa.STUDY OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE OF AFRICA 265Presumably such light insects would be readily blown considerable distances by winds ; also river-and stream-dwelling larvae would be carried down-stream by the current, especially in flood conditions.
Orthocladiinae many species resemble Palaearctic species, but there is more variety in this subfamily, perhaps because of its larger size and preference for warmer water habitats. Keys are given to genera, subgenera and species ; more than loo species are described, 25 of which are new, and notes are given on 12 species of Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) , which were described by KiefEer from females and which cannot be recognized from the descriptions. (DIPTERA) OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA 327 Key to Tribes of Subfamily Chironominae Wing membrane without macrotrichia, or if present then squama with marginal fringe of long hairs ; cross-vein r-m definitely oblique to direction of vein R4+5 Chironomini Wing membrane with macrotrichia at least towards the apex, squama without fringe ; cross-vein r-m nearly parallel to and practically continuous with R4+5 Tanytarsini { = Calopsectrini of Townes) (see later part) TRIBE CHIRONOMINI Only one half of this tribe is dealt with in this Part, a later Part will describe species both in the other half and in the Tanytarsini.Apart from a few small and aberrant genera, the tribe was divided by Kieffer into two groups depending on whether the posterior tibia had one or two spurs in association with the combs. This method of dividing the bulk of the species was also adopted by Edwards and Goetghebuer and for most species it is perfectly satisfactory.Genera can then be split off on the development of the prothorax, size of pulvilli and presence of front tibial spur.
SYNOPSIS British Museum (Natural History), LondonA new genus and a new species of Podonominae are described from four females collected in Southern Rhodesia, and a revised key to the known genera of the subfamily is given. A new genus and a new species of Orthocladiinae are described from two males and two females collected in Western Australia, and a new genus is erected for a Palaearctic species of that subfamily. THE publication of this paper has been prompted by the need to name two interesting new genera and species and to provide a generic name for a Palaearctic species not included in Professor Brundin's generic revision of the subfamily Orthocladiinae. It is unfortunate that all three are from different Zoogeographical Regions, but it seems better to include them in one paper rather than to write three separate ones.I wish to record my thanks to Dr. A. D. Harrison of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and to Mr. D. H. Edward of the University of Perth, Western Australia, for sending me material of their species and for allowing the type series to remain in the British Museum (Natural History). Subfamily PODONOMINAENo species of this subfamily were known to me when I published a revision of the species of Chironomidae from Africa South of the Sahara . Dr. Harrison has now sent me four females of a species that falls here. Although males and early stages are not known, the females are sufficiently distinctive for it to be recognised and described as a new species and new genus.Afrochlus gen. n.Eyes reniform, without dorsal narrow portion, bare. Antennae of male not known, flagellum of female with 14 segments; palpi short, last two segments much reduced, segment 2 with small sense organ. Prothorax very conspicuous and broadly collar-like, hardly, if at all, reduced centrally; thoracic hairs short and bristly, postnotum rounded and without median furrow, hairy in only known species. Wings without macrotrichia on membrane but with very conspicuous, large microtrichia; R2+3 quite absent, R , not swollen at apex, costa slightly produced, true base of MSf4 (cross-vein m-cu of authors) distal to posterior fork which is short; squama fringed. Pulvilli absent but empodium large as in genus Forcipomyiu (Ceratopogonidae). Abdomen rather flattened dorsoventrally in female and with short bristly hairs; spermathecae three in number, subspherical and lightly chitinised; male hypopygium unknown.Type of the genus and only known species, Afrochlus harrisoni sp. n. Afrochlus clearly belongs to the subfamily Podonominae but it does not resemble very closely any of the other genera. Its more striking features lie in the wings, which lack macrotrichia but possess coarse microtrichia, and in the large collar-like pronotum ; the presence of a sense organ on the second segment of the palpi is also unusual. Somewhat similar microtrichia are present in Podonomus wirthi Freeman from New South Wales, and Diamesa ruwenzoriensis Freeman from Africa possesses a small sense organ. It has a slightly Ceratopogonid-like appearan...
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