Pandanus candelabrum stem, a new precursor, was used to synthesise activate carbon. The effect of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, zinc (II) chloride, ZnCl2 and phosphoric acid, H3PO4, different agents on prepared adsorbents was investigated. The adsorbents were prepared with chemical agents and carbonized at 400 oC for 1 hour. Surface morphology, elemental composition and functional groups were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The image analysis showed the presence of both micropores and mesopores in the adsorbents. The H3PO4 activated carbon had the maximum surface area (2648 m2/g), pore volume (1.683 cm3/g) and highest adsorption for iodine and methylene blue were 541 and 105 mg/g. Pandanus candelabrum stem is an alternative material that can be used to synthesis high porous adsorbent because is abundant, easy to access, inexpensive and readily available.
Keywords: Activated, adsorption, iodine number, methylene blue, Pandanus candelabrum, reagents
This study indicates kaolinite clay as an effective adsorbent for the uptake of Cu (II) from wastewater. The adsorption process was studied with variation of time, temperature and adsorbent dosage at the effluent pH of 6. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the adsorbents. XRD spectra showed that modification with KH2PO4 did not significantly change the crystal spacing on the lattice structure of the clay mineral; however, there were shifts in the intensity of the peaks for the modified kaolinite clay. The FTIR spectra showed that certain functional groups are responsible for binding the metal ions from solution. SEM indicated an increase in the porosity of the modified adsorbent as compared with the unmodified kaolinite, which enhances metal ion adsorption on modified kaolinite clay. The BET indicate that acid modification increased the surface area and total pore volume of the kaolinite clay. The kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-first-order model fitted poorly to the equilibrium data, however, the pseudo-second-order model had a good fit for all reaction time at different initial concentrations. The mechanism of the sorption process was evaluated using thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS), which were evaluated using Van’t Hoff equations. The negative values of free energy change (ΔG), suggests spontaneity and feasibility of the process. The positive values of enthalpy change (ΔH) indicate endothermic nature of the process.
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