A 3-year study was conducted in irrigated potato to compare weed control efficacy and economics of hilling plus one or two cultivations with the standard treatment of hilling plus a preemergence application of pendimethalin plus metribuzin. Trials were conducted under both weedy and weed-free conditions. Common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed were present in weedy treatments each year; significant populations of hairy nightshade and green foxtail also were present one year. When weed populations were low or moderate (< 45 plants/m2), total weed biomass in the hilling plus one cultivation treatment was reduced 98 to 99% relative to the weedy control, and U.S. No. 1 tuber yields were equal to the standard treatment. However, when weed populations were high (145 plants/m2), hilling plus one cultivation and hilling plus two cultivations provided only 30% and 61% reduction in weed biomass, respectively, and U.S. No. 1 tuber yields were 35% and 13% less, respectively, than the standard treatment. The standard treatment provided 99% reduction in total weed biomass each year, and yields were equal to the weed-free, hill plus no cultivation control. Net return was $37 to $100/ha higher for the hilling plus one cultivation treatment compared to the standard treatment when weed populations were moderate or low, but was $808/ha less than the standard treatment when weed populations were high.
Idaho's potato growers face increasing price and production risks as the potato industry undergoes structural change. In response, producers have shortened potato crop rotation to counteract the price risk. A risk-neutral discrete stochastic sequential programming (DSSP) model was developed to analyze the affects of the shortened rotation on expected revenue with incorporated price and production risks. The results support the following conclusions: land constraints due to equipment, labor, and capital efficiency alter optimal rotations; given no land constraints, a whole farm 607.3 ha simulation yields the same results as a per-hectare analysis with Potatoes-Wheat-Wheat-Potatoes being the optimal rotation; and longer rotation cycles generate the highest expected revenue per-hectare. Additional conclusions were that the open market generates higher expected revenue when compared to contracts; producers can counteract some of the loss of expected revenues in the contracted market with lower production risk from longer rotation cycles; Idaho potato producers may not be operating at a risk-neutral level.Resumen Los productores de papa de Idaho enfrentan el aumento de los riegos del precio y de producción a medida que la industria de papa sufre cambios estructurales. En respuesta, los productores han acortado la rotación del cultivo de papa para contrarrestar el riesgo del precio. Un modelo de programación secuencial estocástica discreta (DSSP) de riesgo neutral que incorpora los riesgos de precio y producción fue desarrollado para analizar los efectos de una rotación corta sobre los ingresos esperados. Los resultados justifican las siguientes conclusiones: las limitaciones debidas al equipo, trabajo y eficiencia del capital alteran las rotaciones óptimas; cuando no hay tales limitaciones, el rendimiento total de una granja simulada de 607.3 hectáreas da los mismos resultados que el análisis por hectárea siendo la rotación óptima Papa-Trigo-Trigo-Papa; y los ciclos de rotación más largos generan los ingresos esperados por hectárea más altos. Las conclusiones adicionales fueron que el mercado libre genera los ingresos esperados más altos en comparación con los contratos; los productores pueden contrarrestar algunas pérdidas de sus ingresos esperados en el mercado pactado al tener un menor riesgo de producción cuando se usa ciclos rotación más largos; los productores de papa de Idaho pueden no estar operando a nivel de riesgo neutral.
The authors present polyimide amplified piezoelectric bimorph scanning mirrors for application in optical coherence tomography (oct). These devices use piezoelectric bimorph actuators to drive microfabricated polyimide structures at resonance. These devices have tilting tables (either 1.125 or 2.25mm wide) that tilt on 3μm thick torsion hinges to amplify the motion of the bimorph actuators and produce large scan ranges. These devices have been integrated into the scanning arm of a spectral domain OCT imaging system. Preliminary in vivo images have been obtained with scans of 40°–50° at real-time imaging rates of 25–41frames∕s.
High fresh potato price volatility, decreasing demand for fresh potatoes, and potato prices below the cost of production led to a decision of a group of Idaho potato growers to organize the United Potato Growers of Idaho, a marketing cooperative. The potato supply management program was developed to coordinate production and marketing of fresh potatoes. To evaluate the effectiveness of this program, the authors examine the level and volatility of Idaho Russet Burbank weekly shipping point prices during two periods: before the cooperative was organized and when the cooperative was in the market. They found empirical evidence suggesting that the analyzed prices were higher and less volatile during the period when the cooperative was in the market. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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