Bishop P. and Gripaios P. Spatial externalities, relatedness and sector employment growth in Great Britain, Regional Studies. This paper examines the impact of externalities on employment growth in sub-regions of Great Britain by estimating ordinary least-squares (OLS) and maximum likelihood spatial models at the two-digit level for 23 sectors. Issues arising from relatedness, sector differences, competition, cross-boundary spillovers, and spatial autocorrelation are explicitly addressed. Results indicate that specialization has a generally negative impact on growth, whilst the impact of diversity is heterogeneous across sectors and strong local competition has a typically positive impact. The results question the merits of policies primarily aimed at promoting regional specialization and suggest that diversity, local competition, and sector heterogeneity are important policy issues. [image omitted] Bishop P. et Gripaios P. Les effets externes geographiques, la connectivite et la croissance de l'emploi sectoriel en Grande-Bretagne, Regional Studies. A partir des estimations OLS et des modeles geographiques du maximum de vraisemblance au niveau des deux chiffres pour vingt-trois secteurs, cet article cherche a examiner l'impact des effets externes sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les sous-regions britanniques. On aborde notamment les questions qui emanent de la connectivite, des differences sectorielles, de la concurrence, des retombees transfrontalieres et de l'autocorrelation geographique. Les resultats indiquent qu'en regle generale la specialisation influe de facon negative sur la croissance, alors que l'impact de la diversite s'avere heterogene a travers les secteurs et que la concurrence locale vive influe de facon positive, comme d'habitude. Les resultats mettent en doute les politiques qui cherchent essentiellement a promouvoir la specialisation regionale et laissent supposer que la diversite, la concurrence locale et l'heterogeneite sectorielle sont d'importantes questions de politique. Effets externes geographiques Croissance de l'emploi Grande-Bretagne Bishop P. und Gripaios P. Ra�umliche Externalita�ten, Beziehungen und sektorales Bescha�ftigungswachstum in Grossbritannien, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Auswirkung von Externalita�ten auf das Bescha�ftigungswachstum in den Subregionen von Grossbritannien mit Hilfe einer OLS-Scha�tzung und ra�umlicher maximaler Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodelle auf zweistelliger Ebene fur 23 Sektoren. Insbesondere gehen wir auf Aspekte der Bereiche Beziehung, Sektorunterschiede, Wettbewerb, grenzuberschreitende Ubertragungen und ra�umliche Autokorrelation ein. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich eine Spezialisierung generell negativ auf das Wachstum auswirkt, wa�hrend die Auswirkung von Vielfalt innerhalb der Sektoren heterogen ausfa�llt und ein starker lokaler Wettbewerb in der Regel positive Auswirkungen hat. Die Ergebnisse stellen den Nutzen von Politiken in Frage, die in erster Linie auf eine Forderung der regionalen Spezialisierung abzie...

The 2008 recession has had a prolonged and varying effect both across and within countries. This paper studies the crisis impact on Great Britain's Local Authority Districts (LADs) using the concept of economic resilience. This country is an interesting case study as the impact varied significantly among LADs. The focus is on employment, and a new method is proposed for comparing pre-and post-recession conditions in order to assess the recession impact. The influence of a number of determining factors is examined, and the study finds a significant effect for initial economic conditions, human capital, age structure, urbanisation and geography. Policy makers need to take into account subnational differences in these factors in order to design and implement better targeted policies. JEL Classification R11

This paper argues that the diversity of a region's knowledge stock and its balance between knowledge-based manufacturing and services are both important determinants of variations in the rate of new business formation across spatial areas. An empirical study of new firm formation across 408 local unitary authorities and districts in Great Britain over the period 2001-2007 is presented, taking explicit account of the interactions amongst spatial units through an econometric modelling procedure involving maximum likelihood spatial models and alternative spatial weighing matrices. The results indicate that both related and unrelated knowledge diversity have a positive impact on the rate of business formation, whilst aggregate local economy-wide industrial and ethnic diversity has no impact; the division of the knowledge stock between services and manufacturing is also significant, with services having a positive impact on new business formation in contrast to a negative impact for hightechnology manufacturing. There is also some support for the view that low wages and economic inactivity constrain new business formation, whilst a competitive regional environment has a positive impact. The results imply that polices should be aimed at creating a diverse set of knowledge-based industries rather than specialization in a narrow range.

This article examines the technical efficiency of museums based upon data derived from a questionnaire survey of South West England. A stochastic frontier production function is estimated with output measured in terms of visitor numbers. The Cobb-Douglas function is shown to be the best representation of the production function. Average levels of efficiency are estimated to be fairly low at 45.5% with wide variations across museums. The results indicate that high levels of public funding and voluntary activity have a significantly negative impact on technical efficiency. It is argued that further research is needed to develop more sophisticated measures of the output of cultural industries and understand the economic importance of volunteers.

This paper examines the impact of ownership and a variety of other variables on the likelihood of innovation and the presence of an R&D function within a national sample of UK defence related firms. It is shown that foreign ownership has a negative indirect impact upon innovation. Mixed support is found for the Schumpeterian approach to innovation. Involvement in export markets, technological opportunity and R&D collaboration are shown to have a positive impact on innovation.